Metformin Hydrochloride (Page 2 of 6)

5.2 Vitamin B12 Deficiency

In clinical trials of 29-week duration with metformin HCl tablets, a decrease to subnormal levels of previously normal serum vitamin B12 levels was observed in approximately 7% of patients. Such decrease, possibly due to interference with B12 absorption from the B12 -intrinsic factor complex, may be associated with anemia but appears to be rapidly reversible with discontinuation of metformin or vitamin B12 supplementation. Certain individuals (those with inadequate vitamin B12 or calcium intake or absorption) appear to be predisposed to developing subnormal vitamin B12 levels. Measure hematologic parameters on an annual basis and vitamin B12 at 2 to 3 year intervals in patients on metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets and manage any abnormalities [see Adverse Reactions (6.1) ].

5.3 Hypoglycemia with Concomitant Use with Insulin and Insulin Secretagogues

Insulin and insulin secretagogues (e.g., sulfonylurea) are known to cause hypoglycemia. Metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets may increase the risk of hypoglycemia when combined with insulin and/or an insulin secretagogue. Therefore, a lower dose of insulin or insulin secretagogue may be required to minimize the risk of hypoglycemia when used in combination with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets [see Drug Interactions (7) ].

5.4 Macrovascular Outcomes

There have been no clinical studies establishing conclusive evidence of macrovascular risk reduction with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets.

6 ADVERSE REACTIONS

The following adverse reactions are also discussed elsewhere in the labeling:

  • Lactic Acidosis [see Boxed Warning and Warnings and Precautions (5.1) ]
  • Vitamin B12 Deficiency [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2) ]
  • Hypoglycemia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3) ]

6.1 Clinical Studies Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.

In placebo-controlled trials, 781 patients were administered metformin HCl extended-release tablets. Adverse reactions reported in greater than 5% of the patients treated with metformin HCl extended-release tablets and that were more common than in placebo-treated patients are listed in Table 1.

Table 1: Adverse Reactions from Clinical Trials of Metformin HCl Extended-Release Tablets Occurring >5% and More Common than Placebo in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Adverse Reaction

Metformin HCl Extended-Release Tablets

(n=781)

Placebo

(n=195)

Diarrhea

10%

3%

Nausea/Vomiting

7%

2%

Diarrhea led to the discontinuation of metformin HCl extended-release tablets in 0.6% of patients. Additionally, the following adverse reactions were reported in 1.0% to 5.0% of patients treated with metformin HCl extended-release tablets and were more commonly reported than in placebo-treated patients: abdominal pain, constipation, abdomen distention, dyspepsia/heartburn, flatulence, dizziness, headache, upper respiratory infection, taste disturbance.

Laboratory Tests

Vitamin B12 Concentrations

In clinical trials of 29-week duration with metformin HCl tablets, a decrease to subnormal levels of previously normal serum vitamin B12 levels was observed in approximately 7% of patients.

6.2 Postmarketing Experience

The following adverse reactions have been identified during post approval use of metformin. Because these reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is not always possible to reliably estimate their frequency or establish a causal relationship to drug exposure.

Cholestatic, hepatocellular, and mixed hepatocellular liver injury have been reported with postmarketing use of metformin.

7 DRUG INTERACTIONS

Table 2 presents clinically significant drug interactions with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets.

Table 2: Clinically Significant Drug Interactions with Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release

Tablets

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors

Clinical Impact:

Carbonic anhydrase inhibitors frequently cause a decrease in serum bicarbonate and induce non-anion gap, hyperchloremic metabolic acidosis. Concomitant use of these drugs with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets may increase the risk for lactic acidosis.

Intervention:

Consider more frequent monitoring of these patients.

Examples:

Topiramate, zonisamide, acetazolamide or dichlorphenamide.

Drugs that Reduce Metformin Hydrochloride Extended-Release Tablets Clearance

Clinical Impact:

Concomitant use of drugs that interfere with common renal tubular transport systems involved in the renal elimination of metformin (e.g., organic cationic transporter-2 [OCT2] / multidrug and toxin extrusion [MATE] inhibitors) could increase systemic exposure to metformin and may increase the risk for lactic acidosis [see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)].

Intervention:

Consider the benefits and risks of concomitant use with metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets.

Examples:

Ranolazine, vandetanib, dolutegravir, and cimetidine.

Alcohol

Clinical Impact:

Alcohol is known to potentiate the effect of metformin on lactate metabolism.

Intervention:

Warn patients against excessive alcohol intake while receiving metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets.

Insulin Secretagogues or Insulin

Clinical Impact:

Coadministration of metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets with an insulin secretagogue (e.g., sulfonylurea) or insulin may increase the risk of hypoglycemia.

Intervention:

Patients receiving an insulin secretagogue or insulin may require lower doses of the insulin secretagogue or insulin.

Drugs Affecting Glycemic Control

Clinical Impact:

Certain drugs tend to produce hyperglycemia and may lead to loss of glycemic control.

Intervention:

When such drugs are administered to a patient receiving metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, observe the patient closely for loss of blood glucose control. When such drugs are withdrawn from a patient receiving metformin hydrochloride extended-release tablets, observe the patient closely for hypoglycemia.

Examples:

Thiazides and other diuretics, corticosteroids, phenothiazines, thyroid products,

estrogens, oral contraceptives, phenytoin, nicotinic acid, sympathomimetics, calcium channel blockers, and isoniazid.

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