Metformin Hydrochloride (Page 2 of 7)

Pediatrics


After administration of a single oral metformin hydrochloride 500 mg tablet with food, geometric mean metformin Cmax and AUC differed less than 5% between pediatric type 2 diabetic patients (12 to 16 years of age) and gender- and weight-matched healthy adults (20 to 45 years of age), all with normal renal function.

Gender


Metformin pharmacokinetic parameters did not differ significantly between normal subjects and patients with type 2 diabetes when analyzed according to gender (males = 19, females = 16). Similarly, in controlled clinical studies in patients with type 2 diabetes, the antihyperglycemic effect of metformin hydrochloride tablets was comparable in males and females.

Race


No studies of metformin pharmacokinetic parameters according to race have been performed. In controlled clinical studies of metformin hydrochloride tablets in patients with type 2 diabetes, the antihyperglycemic effect was comparable in whites (n=249), blacks (n=51), and Hispanics (n=24).

Clinical Studies


In a double-blind, placebo-controlled, multicenter U.S. clinical trial involving obese patients with type 2 diabetes whose hyperglycemia was not adequately controlled with dietary management alone (baseline fasting plasma glucose [FPG] of approximately 240 mg/dL), treatment with metformin hydrochloride tablets (up to 2550 mg/day) for 29 weeks resulted in significant mean net reductions in fasting and postprandial plasma glucose (PPG) and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c ) of 59 mg/dL, 83 mg/dL, and 1.8%, respectively, compared to the placebo group (see Table 2).

Table 2: Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets vs Placebo Summary of Mean Changes from Baseline* in Fasting Plasma Glucose, HbA1c , and Body Weight, at Final Visit (29-week study)
Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets (n = 141) Placebo (n = 145) p–Value
*All patients on diet therapy at Baseline **Not statistically significant

FPG (mg/dL) Baseline Change at FINAL VISIT

241.5-53

237.76.3

NS**0.001

Hemoglobin A1c (%) Baseline Change at FINAL VISIT

8.4-1.4

8.20.4

NS**0.001

Body Weight (lbs) Baseline Change at FINAL VISIT

201-1.4

206-2.4

NS **NS **


A 29-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of metformin hydrochloride tablets and glyburide, alone and in combination, was conducted in obese patients with type 2 diabetes who had failed to achieve adequate glycemic control while on maximum doses of glyburide (baseline FPG of approximately 250 mg/dL) (see Table 3). Patients randomized to the combination arm started therapy with metformin hydrochloride tablets 500 mg and glyburide 20 mg. At the end of each week of the first four weeks of the trial, these patients had their dosages of metformin hydrochloride tablets increased by 500 mg if they had failed to reach target fasting plasma glucose. After week four, such dosage adjustments were made monthly, although no patient was allowed to exceed metformin hydrochloride tablets 2500 mg. Patients in the metformin hydrochloride tablets only arm (metformin plus placebo) followed the same titration schedule. At the end of the trial, approximately 70% of the patients in the combination group were taking metformin hydrochloride tablets 2000 mg/glyburide 20 mg or metformin hydrochloride tablets 2500 mg/glyburide 20 mg. Patients randomized to continue of glyburide experienced worsening of glycemic control, with mean increases in FPG, PPG, and HbA1c of 14 mg/dL, 3 mg/dL, and 0.2% respectively. In contrast, those randomized to metformin hydrochloride tablets (up to 2500 mg/day) experienced a slight improvement, with mean reductions in FPG, PPG, and HbA1c of 1 mg/dL, 6 mg/dL, and 0.4%, respectively. The combination of metformin hydrochloride tablets and glyburide was effective in reducing FPG, PPG, and HbA1c levels by 63 mg/dL, 65 mg/dL, and 1.7%, respectively. Compared to results of glyburide treatment alone, the net differences with combination treatment were -77 mg/dL, -68 mg/dL, and -1.9%, respectively (see Table 3).

Table 3: Combined Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets/Glyburide (Comb) vs Glyburide (Glyb) or Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets (MET) Monotherapy: Summary of Mean Changes from Baseline* in Fasting Plasma Glucose, HbA1c , and Body Weight, at Final Visit (29-week study)
Comb (n = 213) Glyb (n = 209) MET (n =210) p-values
Glyb vs Comb MET vs Comb MET vs Glyb
* All patients on glyburide, 20 mg/day, at Baseline ** Not statistically significant

Fasting Plasma Glucose (mg/dL) Baseline Change at FINAL VISIT

250.5-63.5

247.513.7

253.9-0.9

NS**0.001

NS**0.001

NS**0.025

Hemoglobin A1c (%) Baseline Change at FINAL VISIT

8.8-1.7

8.50.2

8.9-0.4

NS**0.001

NS**0.001

0.0070.001

Body Weight (lbs) Baseline Change at FINAL VISIT

202.20.9

203-0.7

204-8.4

NS**0.011

NS**0.001

NS**0.001


The magnitude of the decline in fasting blood glucose concentration following the institution of metformin hydrochloride tablets therapy was proportional to the level of fasting hyperglycemia. Patients with type 2 diabetes with higher fasting glucose concentrations experienced greater declines in plasma glucose and glycosylated hemoglobin.
In clinical studies, metformin hydrochloride tablets, alone or in combination with a sulfonylurea, lowered mean fasting serum triglycerides, total cholesterol, and LDL cholesterol levels and had no adverse effects on other lipid levels (see Table 4).

Table 4: Summary of Mean Percent Change From Baseline of Major Serum Lipid Variables at Final Visit (29-week studies)
Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets vs Placebo Combined Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets/Glyburide vs Monotherapy
Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets (n = 141) Placebo (n = 145) Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets (n = 210) Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets/ Glyburide (n = 213) Glyburide (n = 209)

Total Cholesterol (mg/dL) Baseline Mean % Change at FINAL VISIT

211 -5%

212.3 1%

213.1 -2%

215.6 -4%

219.6 1%

Total Triglycerides (mg/dL) Baseline Mean % Change at FINAL VISIT

236.1 -16%

203.5 1%

242.5 -3%

215 -8%

266.1 4%

LDL-Cholesterol (mg/dL) Baseline Mean % Change at FINAL VISIT

135.4 -8%

138.5 1%

134.3 -4%

136 -6%

137.5 3%

HDL Cholesterol (mg/dL) Baseline Mean % Change at FINAL VISIT

39 2%

40.5 -1%

37.2 5%

39 3%

37 1%


In contrast to sulfonylureas, body weight of individuals on metformin hydrochloride tablets tended to remain stable or even decrease somewhat (see Tables 2 and 3).
A 24-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of metformin hydrochloride tablets plus insulin versus insulin plus placebo was conducted in patients with type 2 diabetes who failed to achieve adequate glycemic control on insulin alone (see Table 5). Patients randomized to receive metformin hydrochloride tablets plus insulin achieved a reduction in HbA1c of 2.1%, compared to a 1.56% reduction in HbA1c achieved by insulin plus placebo. The improvement in glycemic control was achieved at the final study visit with 16% less insulin, 93 U/day vs 110.6 U/day, metformin hydrochloride tablets plus insulin versus insulin plus placebo, respectively, p=0.04.

Table 5: Combined Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets/Insulin vs Placebo/Insulin Summary of Mean Changes from Baseline in HbA1c and Daily Insulin Dose
Metformin Hydrochloride Tablets/Insulin (n=26) Placebo/ Insulin (n=28) Treatment Difference Mean ± SE
a Statistically significant using analysis of covariance with baseline as covariate (p=0.04)Not significant using analysis of variance (values shown in table)b Statistically significant for insulin (p=0.04)

Hemoglobin A1c (%) Baseline Change at FINAL VISIT

8.95-2.1

9.32-1.56

-0.54 ± 0.43a

Insulin Dose (U/day) Baseline Change at FINAL VISIT

93.12-0.15

94.6415.93

-16.08 ± 7.77b


A second double-blind, placebo-controlled study (n=51), with 16 weeks of randomized treatment, demonstrated that in patients with type 2 diabetes controlled on insulin for 8 weeks with an average HbA1c of 7.46 ± 0.97%, the addition of metformin hydrochloride tablets maintained similar glycemic control (HbA1c 7.15 ± 0.61 versus 6.97 ± 0.62 for metformin hydrochloride tablets plus insulin and placebo plus insulin, respectively) with 19% less insulin versus baseline (reduction of 23.68 ± 30.22 versus an increase of 0.43 ± 25.2 units for metformin hydrochloride tablets plus insulin and placebo plus insulin, p<0.01). In addition, this study demonstrated that the combination of metformin hydrochloride tablets plus insulin resulted in reduction in body weight of 3.11 ± 4.3 lbs, compared to an increase of 1.3 ± 6.08 lbs for placebo plus insulin, p=0.01.

All MedLibrary.org resources are included in as near-original form as possible, meaning that the information from the original provider has been rendered here with only typographical or stylistic modifications and not with any substantive alterations of content, meaning or intent.

This site is provided for educational and informational purposes only, in accordance with our Terms of Use, and is not intended as a substitute for the advice of a medical doctor, nurse, nurse practitioner or other qualified health professional.

Privacy Policy | Copyright © 2024. All Rights Reserved.