Minocycline Hydrochloride

MINOCYCLINE HYDROCHLORIDE- minocycline hydrochloride capsule
A-S Medication Solutions

DESCRIPTION

Minocycline hydrochloride USP, is a semisynthetic derivative of tetracycline, 4,7-Bis(dimethylamino)-1,4,4a,5,5a,6,11,12a-octahydro-3,10,12,12a-tetrahydroxy-1,11-dioxo-2-naphthacenecarboxamide monohydrochloride.

Its structural formula is:

C₂₃ H₂₇ N₃ O₇ •HCl M.W. 493.94

Minocycline hydrochloride capsules USP for oral administration contain minocycline hydrochloride, USP equivalent to 50 mg, 75 mg, or 100 mg of minocycline and the following inactive ingredients: lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose, povidone, sodium starch glycolate, colloidal silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate, titanium dioxide, gelatin, D&C Yellow #10 aluminum lake, FD&C Blue #1 aluminum lake, FD&C Blue #2 aluminum lake, FD&C Red #40 aluminum lake, black iron oxide, propylene glycol and shellac.

In addition 50 mg capsules contains D&C Red #33 aluminum lake, FD&C Red #3 aluminum lake and FD&C Yellow #6 aluminum lake; 75 mg capsules contains FDA/E172 black iron oxide and 100 mg capsules contains D&C Red #28 aluminum lake, FD&C Blue #1 aluminum lake, FD&C Red #40 aluminum lake and FDA/E172 red iron oxide.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Following a single dose of two 100 mg capsules of minocycline hydrochloride administered to 18 normal fasting adult volunteers, maximum serum concentrations were attained in 1 to 4 hours (average 2.1 hours) and ranged from 2.1 to 5.1 mcg/mL (average 3.5 mcg/mL). The serum half-life in the normal volunteers ranged from 11.1 to 22.1 hours (average 15.5 hours).

When minocycline hydrochloride capsules were given concomitantly with a high-fat meal, which included dairy products, the extent of absorption of minocycline hydrochloride capsules was unchanged compared to dosing under fasting conditions. The mean T_max was delayed by one hour when administered with food, compared to dosing under fasting conditions.

Minocycline capsules may be administered with or without food.

In previous studies with other minocycline dosage forms, the minocycline serum half-life ranged from 11 to 16 hours in 7 patients with hepatic dysfunction, and from 18 to 69 hours in 5 patients with renal dysfunction. The urinary and fecal recovery of minocycline when administered to 12 normal volunteers was one-half to one-third that of other tetracyclines.

Microbiology

Mechanism of Action

The tetracyclines are primarily bacteriostatic and are thought to exert their antimicrobial effect by the inhibition of protein synthesis. The tetracyclines, including minocycline, have a similar antimicrobial spectrum of activity against a wide range of gram-positive and gram-negative organisms. Cross-resistance of these organisms to tetracycline is common.

Antimicrobial Activity

Minocycline has been shown to be active against most strains of the following microorganisms, both in vitro and in clinical infections as described in the INDICATIONS AND USAGEsection:

Gram-positive Bacteria

Bacillus anthracis

Listeria monocytogenes

Staphylococcus aureus

Streptococcus pneumoniae

Gram-negative Bacteria

Bartonella bacilliformis

Brucella species

Klebsiella granulomatis

Campylobacter fetus

Francisella tularensis

Haemophilus ducreyi

Vibrio cholerae

Yersinia pestis

Acinetobacter species

Enterobacter aerogenes

Escherichia coli

Haemophilus influenzae

Klebsiella species

Neisseria gonorrhoeae¹

Neisseria meningitidis¹

Shigella species

Other Microorganisms

Actinomyces species

Borrelia recurrentis

Chlamydophila psittaci

Chlamydia trachomatis

Clostridium species

Entamoeba species

Fusobacterium nucleatum subspecies fusiforme

Mycobacterium marinum

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Propionibacterium acnes

Rickettsiae

Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum

Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue

Ureaplasma urealyticum

¹ When penicillin is contraindicated, tetracyclines are alternative drugs in the treatment of infections caused by the cited microorganisms.

Susceptibility Test Methods

For specific information regarding susceptibility test interpretive criteria and associated test methods and quality control standards recognized by FDA for this drug, please see: https://www.fda.gov/STIC.

INDICATIONS and USAGE

Minocycline hydrochloride capsules, USP are indicated in the treatment of the following infections due to susceptible strains of the designated microorganisms:

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Rocky Mountain spotted fever, typhus fever and the typhus group, Q fever, rickettsialpox and tick fevers caused by rickettsiae.

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Respiratory tract infections caused by Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

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Lymphogranuloma venereum caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.

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Psittacosis (Ornithosis) due to Chlamydophila psittaci.

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Trachoma caused by Chlamydia trachomatis , although the infectious agent is not always eliminated, as judged by immunofluorescence.

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Inclusion conjunctivitis caused by Chlamydia trachomatis.

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Nongonococcal urethritis, endocervical, or rectal infections in adults caused by Ureaplasma urealyticum or Chlamydia trachomatis.

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Relapsing fever due to Borrelia recurrentis.

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Chancroid caused by Haemophilus ducreyi.

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Plague due to Yersinia pestis.

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Tularemia due to Francisella tularensis.

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Cholera caused by Vibrio cholerae.

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Campylobacter fetus infections caused by Campylobacter fetus.

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Brucellosis due to Brucella species (in conjunction with streptomycin).

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Bartonellosis due to Bartonella bacilliformis.

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Granuloma inguinale caused by Klebsiella granulomatis.

Minocycline is indicated for the treatment of infections caused by the following gram-negative microorganisms when bacteriologic testing indicates appropriate susceptibility to the drug:

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Escherichia coli.

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Enterobacter aerogenes.

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Shigella species.

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Acinetobacter species.

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Respiratory tract infections caused by Haemophilus influenzae.

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Respiratory tract and urinary tract infections caused by Klebsiella species.

Minocycline hydrochloride capsules, USP are indicated for the treatment of infections caused by the following gram-positive microorganisms when bacteriologic testing indicates appropriate susceptibility to the drug:

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Upper respiratory tract infections caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae.

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Skin and skin structure infections caused by Staphylococcus aureus. (Note: Minocycline is not the drug of choice in the treatment of any type of staphylococcal infection.)

When penicillin is contraindicated, minocycline is an alternative drug in the treatment of the following infections:

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Uncomplicated urethritis in men due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae and for the treatment of other gonococcal infections.

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Infections in women caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae.

•

Syphilis caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pallidum.

•

Yaws caused by Treponema pallidum subspecies pertenue.

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Listeriosis due to Listeria monocytogenes.

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Anthrax due to Bacillus anthracis.

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Vincent’s infection caused by Fusobacterium fusiforme.

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Actinomycosis caused by Actinomyces israelii.

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Infections caused by Clostridium species.

In acute intestinal amebiasis, minocycline may be a useful adjunct to amebicides.

In severe acne , minocycline may be useful adjunctive therapy.

Oral minocycline is indicated in the treatment of asymptomatic carriers of Neisseria meningitidis to eliminate meningococci from the nasopharynx. In order to preserve the usefulness of minocycline in the treatment of asymptomatic meningococcal carriers, diagnostic laboratory procedures, including serotyping and susceptibility testing, should be performed to establish the carrier state and the correct treatment. It is recommended that the prophylactic use of minocycline be reserved for situations in which the risk of meningococcal meningitis is high.

Oral minocycline is not indicated for the treatment of meningococcal infection.

Although no controlled clinical efficacy studies have been conducted, limited clinical data show that oral minocycline hydrochloride has been used successfully in the treatment of infections caused by Mycobacterium marinum.

To reduce the development of drug-resistant bacteria and maintain the effectiveness of minocycline hydrochloride capsules, USP and other antibacterial drugs, minocycline hydrochloride capsules, USP should be used only to treat or prevent infections that are proven or strongly suspected to be caused by susceptible bacteria. When culture and susceptibility information are available, they should be considered in selecting or modifying antibacterial therapy. In the absence of such data, local epidemiology and susceptibility patterns may contribute to the empiric selection of therapy.