MOXIFLOXACIN (Page 2 of 3)
12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
12.1 Mechanism of Action
Moxifloxacin is a member of the fluoroquinolone class of anti-infective drugs [s ee Microbiology (12.4)].
12.3 Pharmacokinetics
Moxifloxacin steady-state plasma pharmacokinetics were evaluated in healthy adult male and female subjects who were administered multiple, bilateral, topical ocular doses of moxifloxacin ophthalmic solution two times daily for four days with a final dose on Day 5. The average steady-state AUC0 to 12 was 8.17 ± 5.31 ng*h/mL. Moxifloxacin Cmax following twice-daily bilateral ophthalmic administration of moxifloxacin 0.5% for 5 days is approximately 0.02% of that achieved with the oral formulation of moxifloxacin hydrochloride (Cmax following oral dosing of 400 mg AVELOX® , 4.5 ± 0.5 mcg/mL).
12.4 Microbiology
The antibacterial action of moxifloxacin results from inhibition of the topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) and topoisomerase IV. DNA gyrase is an essential enzyme that is involved in the replication, transcription and repair of bacterial DNA. Topoisomerase IV is an enzyme known to play a key role in the partitioning of the chromosomal DNA during bacterial cell division.
The mechanism of action for quinolones, including moxifloxacin, is different from that of macrolides, aminoglycosides, or tetracyclines. Therefore, moxifloxacin may be active against pathogens that are resistant to these antibiotics and these antibiotics may be active against pathogens that are resistant to moxifloxacin. There is no cross-resistance between moxifloxacin and the aforementioned classes of antibiotics. Cross-resistance has been observed between systemic moxifloxacin and some other quinolones.
In vitro resistance to moxifloxacin develops via multiple-step mutations. Resistance to moxifloxacin occurs in vitro at a general frequency of between 1.8 x 10-9 to <1×10-11 for Gram-positive bacteria.
Moxifloxacin has been shown to be active against most strains of the following microorganisms, both in vitro and in clinical infections as described in the Indications and Usage section:
Aerococcus viridans*
Corynebacterium macginleyi*
Enterococcus faecalis*
Micrococcus luteus*
Staphylococcus arlettae*
Staphylococcus aureus
Staphylococcus capitis
Staphylococcus epidermidis
Staphylococcus haemolyticus
Staphylococcus hominis
Staphylococcus saprophyticus*
Staphylococcus warneri*
Streptococcus mitis*
Streptococcus pneumoniae
Streptococcus parasanguinis*
Escherichia coli*
Haemophilus influenza
Klebsiella pneumoniae*
Propionibacterium acnes
Chlamydia trachomatis*
*Efficacy for this organism was studied in fewer than 10 infections.
The following in vitro data are available, but their clinical significance in ophthalmic infections is unknown. The safety and effectiveness of moxifloxacin ophthalmic solution in treating ophthalmic infections due to these organisms have not been established in adequate and well-controlled trials.
Moxifloxacin has been shown to be active in vitro against most strains of the microorganisms listed below. These organisms are considered susceptible when evaluated using systemic breakpoints; however, a correlation between the in vitro systemic breakpoint and ophthalmologic efficacy has not been established. The list of organisms is provided as guidance only in assessing the potential treatment of conjunctival infections. Moxifloxacin exhibits in vitro minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of 2 mcg/mL or less (systemic susceptible breakpoint) against most (≥90%) strains of the following ocular pathogens.
Aerobic Gram-Positive Microorganisms
Staphylococcus caprae
Staphylococcus cohnii
Staphylococcus lugdunensis
Staphylococcus pasteuri
Streptococcus agalactiae
Streptococcus milleri group
Streptococcus oralis
Streptococcus pyogenes
Streptococcus salivarius
Streptococcus sanguis
Aerobic Gram-Negative Microorganisms
Acinetobacter baumannii
Acinetobacter calcoaceticus
Acinetobacter junii
Enterobacter aerogenes
Enterobacter cloacae
Haemophilus parainfluenzae
Klebsiella oxytoca
Moraxella catarrhalis
Moraxella osloensis
Morganella morganii
Neisseria gonorrhoeae
Neisseria meningitides
Pantoea agglomerans
Proteus vulgaris
Pseudomonas stutzeri
Serratia liquefaciens
Serratia marcescens
Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
Anaerobic Microorganisms
Clostridium perfringens
Peptostreptococcus anaerobius
Peptostreptococcus magnus
Peptostreptococcus micros
Peptostreptococcus prevotii
Other Microorganisms
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Mycobacterium avium
Mycobacterium kansasii
Mycobacterium marinum
13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
Long-term studies in animals to determine the carcinogenic potential of moxifloxacin have not been performed. However, in an accelerated study with initiators and promoters, moxifloxacin was not carcinogenic in rats following up to 38 weeks of oral dosing at 500 mg/kg/day (4741 times the recommended daily human ophthalmic dose for a 60 kg person, based on body surface area).
Mutagenesis
Moxifloxacin was not mutagenic in four bacterial strains used in the Ames Salmonella reversion assay. As with other quinolones, the positive response observed with moxifloxacin in strain TA 102 using the same assay may be due to the inhibition of DNA gyrase. Moxifloxacin was not mutagenic in the CHO/HGPRT mammalian cell gene mutation assay. An equivocal result was obtained in the same assay when v79 cells were used. Moxifloxacin was clastogenic in the v79 chromosome aberration assay, but it did not induce unscheduled DNA synthesis in cultured rat hepatocytes. There was no evidence of genotoxicity in vivo in a micronucleus test or a dominant lethal test in mice.
Impairment of Fertility
Moxifloxacin had no effect on fertility in male and female rats at oral doses as high as 500 mg/kg/day, approximately 4741 times the highest recommended daily human ophthalmic dose. At 500 mg/kg/day orally there were slight effects on sperm morphology (head-tail separation) in male rats and on the estrous cycle in female rats.
14 CLINICAL STUDIES
In one randomized, double-masked, multicenter, vehicle-controlled clinical trial in which patients with bacterial conjunctivitis were dosed with moxifloxacin ophthalmic solution 2 times a day, moxifloxacin ophthalmic solution was superior to its vehicle for both clinical and microbiological outcomes. Clinical cure achieved on Day 4 was 63% (265/424) in moxifloxacin ophthalmic solution treated patients, versus 51% (214/423) in vehicle-treated patients. Microbiologic success (eradication of baseline pathogens) was achieved on Day 4 in 75% (316/424) of moxifloxacin ophthalmic solution-treated patients versus 56% (237/423) of vehicle treated patients. Microbiologic eradication does not always correlate with clinical outcome in anti-infective trials.
16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING
Moxifloxacin ophthalmic solution USP, 0.5% is supplied as a sterile ophthalmic solution in a sterile 5 mL natural low density polyethylene bottle fitted with a natural low density polyethylene nozzle and sealed with a tan coloured high density polyethylene cap as follows:
3 mL in a 5 mL bottle (NDC 68180-421-01)
Storage: Store at 2°C to 25°C (36°F to 77°F).
17 PATIENT COUNSELING INFORMATION
Avoid Contamination of the Product
Advise patients not to touch the dropper tip to any surface to avoid contaminating the contents.
Avoid Contact Lens Wear
Advise patients not to wear contact lenses if they have signs and symptoms of bacterial conjunctivitis.
Hypersensitivity Reactions
Systemically administered quinolones, including moxifloxacin, have been associated with hypersensitivity reactions, even following a single dose. Advise patients to discontinue use immediately and contact their physician at the first sign of a rash or allergic reaction [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)].
AVELOX® is the registered trademark of the Bayer AG and is not the trademark of Lupin Limited.
Manufactured for:
Lupin Pharmaceuticals, Inc.
Baltimore, Maryland 21202
United States.
Manufactured by:
Lupin Limited
Pithampur (M. P.) — 454 775
India.
Revised: November 2021 ID: 268799
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