NovoLog (Page 2 of 8)

5.3 Hypokalemia

All insulin products, including NovoLog, cause a shift in potassium from the extracellular to intracellular space, possibly leading to hypokalemia that, if left untreated, may cause respiratory paralysis, ventricular arrhythmia, and death. Use caution in patients who may be at risk for hypokalemia (e.g., patients using potassium-lowering medications, patients taking medications sensitive to serum potassium concentrations, and patients receiving intravenously administered insulin).

5.4 Renal Impairment

As with other insulins, the dose requirements for NovoLog may be reduced in patients with renal impairment [ ]. see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)

5.5 Hepatic Impairment

As with other insulins, the dose requirements for NovoLog may be reduced in patients with hepatic impairment [ ]. see Clinical Pharmacology (12.3)

5.6 Hypersensitivity and Allergic Reactions

– As with other insulin therapy, patients may experience redness, swelling, or itching at the site of NovoLog injection. These reactions usually resolve in a few days to a few weeks, but in some occasions, may require discontinuation of NovoLog. In some instances, these reactions may be related to factors other than insulin, such as irritants in a skin cleansing agent or poor injection technique. Localized reactions and generalized myalgias have been reported with injected metacresol, which is an excipient in NovoLog. Local Reactions

– Severe, life-threatening, generalized allergy, including anaphylaxis, may occur with any insulin product, including NovoLog. Anaphylactic reactions with NovoLog have been reported post-approval. Generalized allergy to insulin may also cause whole body rash (including pruritus), dyspnea, wheezing, hypotension, tachycardia, or diaphoresis. In controlled clinical trials, allergic reactions were reported in 3 of 735 patients (0.4%) treated with regular human insulin and 10 of 1394 patients (0.7%) treated with NovoLog. In controlled and uncontrolled clinical trials, 3 of 2341 (0.1%) NovoLog-treated patients discontinued due to allergic reactions. Systemic Reactions

5.7 Antibody Production

Increases in anti-insulin antibody titers that react with both human insulin and insulin aspart have been observed in patients treated with NovoLog. Increases in anti-insulin antibodies are observed more frequently with NovoLog than with regular human insulin. Data from a 12-month controlled trial in patients with type 1 diabetes suggest that the increase in these antibodies is transient, and the differences in antibody levels between the regular human insulin and insulin aspart treatment groups observed at 3 and 6 months were no longer evident at 12 months. In this study these antibodies did not appear to cause deterioration in glycemic control or necessitate increases in insulin dose.

In rare cases, the presence of such insulin antibodies may necessitate adjustment of the insulin dose in order to correct a tendency towards hyperglycemia or hypoglycemia.

5.8 Mixing of Insulins

Mixing NovoLog with NPH human insulin immediately before injection attenuates the peak concentration of NovoLog, without significantly affecting the time to peak concentration or total bioavailability of NovoLog. If NovoLog is mixed with NPH human insulin, NovoLog should be drawn into the syringe first, and the mixture should be injected immediately after mixing.
The efficacy and safety of mixing NovoLog with insulin preparations produced by other manufacturers have not been studied.
Insulin mixtures should not be administered intravenously.

5.9 Continuous Subcutaneous Insulin Infusion by External Pump

When using NovoLog in an external insulin pump, the NovoLog-specific information should be followed (e.g., in-use time, frequency of changing infusion sets) because NovoLog-specific information may differ from general pump manual instructions. When used in an external subcutaneous insulin infusion pump, NovoLog should not be mixed with any other insulin or diluent.

Pump or infusion set malfunctions or insulin degradation can lead to a rapid onset of hyperglycemia and ketosis because of the small subcutaneous depot of insulin. This is especially pertinent for rapid-acting insulin analogs that are more rapidly absorbed through skin and have a shorter duration of action. Prompt identification and correction of the cause of hyperglycemia or ketosis is necessary. Interim therapy with subcutaneous injection may be required [ ]. see , , , and Dosage and Administration (2.3)Warnings and Precautions (5.8, 5.9)How Supplied/Storage and Handling (16.2)Patient Counseling Information (17.2)

NovoLog should not be exposed to temperatures greater than 37°C (98.6°F). [ ]. NovoLog that will be used in a pump should not be mixed with other insulin or with a diluent see , , and Dosage and Administration (2.3)Warnings and Precautions (5.8,5.9),How Supplied/Storage and Handling (16.2)Patient Counseling Information (17.2)

5.10 Fluid retention and heart failure with concomitant use of PPAR-gamma agonists

Thiazolidinediones (TZDs), which are peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-gamma agonists, can cause dose-related fluid retention, particularly when used in combination with insulin. Fluid retention may lead to or exacerbate heart failure. Patients treated with insulin, including NovoLog, and a PPAR-gamma agonist should be observed for signs and symptoms of heart failure. If heart failure develops, it should be managed according to current standards of care, and discontinuation or dose reduction of the PPAR-gamma agonist must be considered.

6 ADVERSE REACTIONS

Clinical Trial Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying designs, the adverse reaction rates reported in one clinical trial may not be easily compared to those rates reported in another clinical trial, and may not reflect the rates actually observed in clinical practice.

Hypoglycemia

Hypoglycemia is the most commonly observed adverse reaction in patients using insulin, including NovoLog [ ]. see Warnings and Precautions (5)

Insulin initiation and glucose control intensification

Intensification or rapid improvement in glucose control has been associated with a transitory, reversible ophthalmologic refraction disorder, worsening of diabetic retinopathy, and acute painful peripheral neuropathy. However, long-term glycemic control decreases the risk of diabetic retinopathy and neuropathy.

Lipodystrophy

Long-term use of insulin, including NovoLog, can cause lipodystrophy at the site of repeated insulin injections or infusion. Lipodystrophy includes lipohypertrophy (thickening of adipose tissue) and lipoatrophy (thinning of adipose tissue), and may affect insulin absorption. Rotate insulin injection or infusion sites within the same region to reduce the risk of lipodystrophy.

Weight gain

Weight gain can occur with some insulin therapies, including NovoLog, and has been attributed to the anabolic effects of insulin and the decrease in glucosuria.

Peripheral Edema

Insulin may cause sodium retention and edema, particularly if previously poor metabolic control is improved by intensified insulin therapy.

Frequencies of adverse drug reactions

The frequencies of adverse drug reactions during NovoLog clinical trials in patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus and type 2 diabetes mellitus are listed in the tables below.

Table 1: Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events in Patients with Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (Adverse events with frequency ≥ 5% and occurring more frequently with NovoLog compared to human regular insulin are listed)
*
Hypoglycemia is defined as an episode of blood glucose concentration <45 mg/dL, with or without symptoms. See Section 14 for the incidence of serious hypoglycemia in the individual clinical trials.

NovoLog + NPH

N= 596

Human Regular Insulin + NPH

N= 286

Preferred Term

N

(%)

N

(%)

Hypoglycemia *

448

75%

205

72%

Headache

70

12%

28

10%

Injury accidental

65

11%

29

10%

Nausea

43

7%

13

5%

Diarrhea

28

5%

9

3%

Table 2: Treatment-Emergent Adverse Events in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (except for hypoglycemia, adverse events with frequency ≥ 5% and occurring more frequently with NovoLog compared to human regular insulin are listed)
*
Hypoglycemia is defined as an episode of blood glucose concentration <45 mg/dL, with or without symptoms. See Section 14 for the incidence of serious hypoglycemia in the individual clinical trials.

NovoLog + NPH

N= 91

Human Regular Insulin + NPH

N= 91

N

(%)

N

(%)

Hypoglycemia *

25

27%

33

36%

Hyporeflexia

10

11%

6

7%

Onychomycosis

9

10%

5

5%

Sensory disturbance

8

9%

6

7%

Urinary tract infection

7

8%

6

7%

Chest pain

5

5%

3

3%

Headache

5

5%

3

3%

Skin disorder

5

5%

2

2%

Abdominal pain

5

5%

1

1%

Sinusitis

5

5%

1

1%

Postmarketing Data

The following additional adverse reactions have been identified during postapproval use of NovoLog. Because these adverse reactions are reported voluntarily from a population of uncertain size, it is generally not possible to reliably estimate their frequency. Medication errors in which other insulins have been accidentally substituted for NovoLog have been identified during postapproval use [ ]. see Patient Counseling Information (17)

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