PACLITAXEL PACLITAXEL

PACLITAXEL PACLITAXEL- paclitaxel injection, solution
Gland Pharma Limited

DESCRIPTION

Paclitaxel Injection, USP is a clear colorless to slightly yellow viscous solution. It is supplied as a nonaqueous solution intended for dilution with a suitable parenteral fluid prior to intravenous infusion. Paclitaxel is available in 30 mg (5 mL), 100 mg (16.7 mL), and 300 mg (50 mL) multidose vials. Each mL of sterile nonpyrogenic solution contains 6 mg paclitaxel, 527 mg of Polyoxyl 35 Castor Oil, NF, 49.7% (v/v) Dehydrated Alcohol, USP and 2 mg Citric Acid, USP.

Paclitaxel is a natural product with antitumor activity. Paclitaxel is obtained via an extraction process from Taxus X media ‘ Hicksii’. The chemical name for paclitaxel is (2aR ,4S ,4aS ,6R ,9S ,11S ,12S ,12aR ,12bS)-1,2a,3,4,4a,6,9,10,11, 12,12a,12b-Dodecahydro-4,6,9,11,12,-12b-hexahydroxy-4a,8, 13,13-tetramethyl-7,11-methano-5H -cyclodeca [3,4] benz [1,2-b] oxet-5-one 6,12b-diacetate, 12-benzoate, 9-ester with (2R ,3S)-N -benzoyl-3-phenylisoserine.
Paclitaxel has the following structural formula:

Paclitaxel is a white to off-white crystalline powder with the empirical formula C₄₇ H₅₁ NO₁₄ and molecular weight of 853.9. It is highly lipophilic, insoluble in water, and melts at around 216 to 217°C.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Paclitaxel is a novel antimicrotubule agent that promotes the assembly of microtubules from tubulin dimers and stabilizes microtubules by preventing depolymerization. This stability results in the inhibition of the normal dynamic reorganization of the microtubule network that is essential for vital interphase and mitotic cellular functions. In addition, paclitaxel induces abnormal arrays or “bundles” of microtubules throughout the cell cycle and multiple asters of microtubules during mitosis.

Following intravenous administration of paclitaxel, paclitaxel plasma concentrations declined in a biphasic manner. The initial rapid decline represents distribution to the peripheral compartment and elimination of the drug. The later phase is due,in part, to a relatively slow efflux of paclitaxel from the peripheral compartment.

Pharmacokinetic parameters of paclitaxel following 3- and 24-hour infusions of paclitaxel at dose levels of 135 and 175 mg/m² were determined in a Phase 3 randomized study in ovarian cancer patients and are summarized in the following table:

Table 1. Summary of Pharmacokinetic Parameters – Mean Values

Dose (mg/m2)	Infusion Duration (h)	N (patients)	Cmax (ng/mL)	AUC(0 -∞) (ng•h/mL)	T -HALF (h)	CLT (L/h/m2)
135	24	2	195	6300	52.7	21.7
175	24	4	365	7993	15.7	23.8
135	3	7	2170	7952	13.1	17.7
175	3	5	3650	15007	20.2	12.2
Cmax = Maximum plasma concentrationAUC (0-∞) = Area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time 0 to infinityCLT = Total body clearance

It appeared that with the 24-hour infusion of paclitaxel, a 30% increase in dose (135 mg/m² versus 175 mg/m²) increased the C_max by 87%, whereas the AUC (0-∞) remained proportional. However, with a 3-hour infusion, for a 30% increase in dose, the C_max and AUC (0-∞) were increased by 68% and 89%, respectively. The mean apparent volume of distribution at steady state, with the 24-hour infusion of paclitaxel, ranged from 227 to 688 L/m² indicating extensive extravascular distribution and/or tissue binding of paclitaxel.
The pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel were also evaluated in adult cancer patients who received single doses of 15 to 135 mg/m2 given by 1-hour infusions (n=15), 30 to 275 mg/m2 given by 6-hour infusions (n=36), and 200 to 275 mg/m2 given by 24-hour infusions (n=54) in Phase 1 & 2 studies. Values for CLT and volume of distribution were consistent with the findings in the Phase 3 study. The pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel in patients with AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma have not been studied.

In vitro studies of binding to human serum proteins, using paclitaxel concentrations ranging from 0.1 to 50 mcg/mL, indicate that between 89% to 98% of drug is bound; the presence of cimetidine, ranitidine, dexamethasone, or diphenhydramine did not affect protein binding of paclitaxel.

After intravenous administration of 15-275 mg/m² doses of Paclitaxel Injection, USP as 1-, 6- or 24-hour infusions, mean values for cumulative urinary recovery of unchanged drug ranged from 1.3% to 12.6% of the dose, indicating extensive non-renal clearance. In five patients administered a 225 or 250 mg/m² dose of radiolabeled paclitaxel as a 3-hour infusion, a mean of 71% of the radioactivity was excreted in the feces in 120 hours, and 14% was recovered in the urine. Total recovery of radioactivity ranged from 56% to 101% of the dose. Paclitaxel represented a mean of 5% of the administered radioactivity recovered in the feces, while metabolites, primarily 6α- hydroxypaclitaxel, accounted for the balance. In vitro studies with human liver microsomes and tissue slices showed that paclitaxel was metabolized primarily to 6α-hydroxypaclitaxel by the cytochrome P450 isozyme CYP2C8; and to two minor metabolites, 3’-p -hydroxypaclitaxel and 6α, 3’-p -dihydroxy- paclitaxel, by CYP3A4. In vitro , the metabolism of paclitaxel to6α-hydroxypaclitaxel was inhibited by a number of agents (ketoconazole, verapamil, diazepam, quinidine, dexamethasone, cyclosporin, teniposide, etoposide, and vincristine), but the concentrations used exceeded those found in vivo following normal therapeutic doses.

Testosterone, 17α-ethinyl estradiol, retinoic acid, and quercetin, a specific inhibitor of CYP2C8, also inhibited the formation of 6α-hydroxypaclitaxel in vitro. The pharmacokinetics of paclitaxel may also be altered in vivo as a result of interactions with compounds that are substrates, inducers, or inhibitors of CYP2C8 and/or CYP3A4. (See PRECAUTIONS: Drug Interactions section.)
The disposition and toxicity of paclitaxel 3-hour infusion were evaluated in 35 patients with varying degrees of hepatic function. Relative to patients with normal bilirubin, plasma paclitaxel exposure in patients with abnormal serum bilirubin ≤2 times upper limit of normal (ULN) administered 175 mg/m² was increased, but with no apparent increase in the frequency or severity of toxicity. In 5 patients with serum total bilirubin >2 times ULN, there was a statistically nonsignificant higher incidence of severe myelosuppression, even at a reduced dose (110 mg/m²), but no observed increase in plasma exposure. (See PRECAUTIONS: Hepatic and DOSAGE AND ADMINISTRATION.) The effect of renal or hepatic dysfunction on the disposition of paclitaxel has not been investigated.

Possible interactions of paclitaxel with concomitantly administered medications have not been formally investigated.

CLINICAL STUDIES

Ovarian Carcinoma:
First-Line Data: The safety and efficacy of paclitaxel followed by cisplatin in patients with advanced ovarian cancer and no prior chemotherapy were evaluated in 2, Phase 3 multicenter, randomized, controlled trials. In an Intergroup study led by the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer involving the Scandinavian Group NOCOVA, the National Cancer Institute of Canada, and the Scottish Group, 680 patients with Stage IIB-C, III, or IV disease (optimally or non-optimally debulked) received either paclitaxel 175 mg/m² infused over 3 hours followed by cisplatin 75 mg/m² (Tc) or cyclophosphamide 750 mg/m² followed by cisplatin 75 mg/m² (Cc) for a median of 6 courses. Although the protocol allowed further therapy, only 15% received both drugs for 9 or more courses. In a study conducted by the Gynecological Oncology Group (GOG), 410 patients with Stage III or IV disease (>1 cm residual disease after staging laparotomy or distant metastases) received either paclitaxel 135 mg/m² infused over 24 hours followed by cisplatin 75 mg/m² or cyclophosphamide 750 mg/m² followed by cisplatin 75 mg/m² for 6 courses.
In both studies, patients treated with paclitaxel in combination with cisplatin had significantly higher response rate, longer to progression, and longer survival time compared with standard therapy. These differences were also significant for the subset of patients in the intergroup study with non-optimally debulked disease, although the study was not fully powered for subsetanalyses (Tables 2A and 2B). Kaplan- Meier survival curves for each study are shown in Figures 1 and 2.
Table 2A. Efficacy in the Phase 3 First-Line Ovarian Carcinoma Studies

	Intergroup (non-optimally debulked subset)			GOG-111
	T 175/3a c75 (n=218)		C750a c75 (n=227)	T 135/24a c75(n=196 )		C750a c75 (n=214 )
• Clinical Responseb – rate (percent)- p-valuec	(n=153)58	0.016	(n=153)43	(n=113)62	0.04	(n=127)48
•Time to Progression — median (months)- p-valuec — hazard ratio (HR)c — 95% CIc	13.2	0.00600.760.62-0.92	9.9	16 .6	0.00080.700.56-0.86	13.0
• Survival — median (months)- p-valuec — hazard ratio (HR)c — 95% CIc	29.5	0.0057730.58-0.91	21.9	35.5	0.00020.640.50-0.81	24.2
a Paclitaxel dose in mg /m2 /infusion duration in hours; cyclophosphamide and cisplatin doses in mg/m2.b Among patients with measurable disease only.c Unstratified for the Intergroup Study, Stratified for Study GOG-111.

Table 2B. Efficacy in the Phase 3 First-Line Ovarian Carcinoma Intergroup Study

	T175/3a c75 (n=342)		C750a c75 (n=338)
• Clinical Responseb – rate (percent)- p-valuec	(n=162)59	0.014	(n=161)45
•Time to Progression — median (months)- p-valuec — hazard ratio (HR)c — 95% CIc	15.3	0.00050.740.63–0.88	11.5
• Survival — median (months)- p-valuec — hazard ratio (HR)c — 95% CIc	35.6	0.00160.730.60–0.89	25.9
a Paclitaxel dose in mg/m2 /infusion duration in hours; cyclophosphamide and cisplatin doses in mg/m2.b Among patients with measurable disease only.c Unstratified.

Figure 1. Survival: Cc Versus Tc (Intergroup)

Figure 2. Survival: Cc Versus Tc (GOG-111)
The adverse event profile for patients receiving paclitaxel in combination with cisplatin in these studies was qualitatively consistent with that seen for the pooled analysis of data from 812 patients treated with single-agent paclitaxel in 10 clinical studies. These adverse events and adverse events from the Phase 3 first-line ovarian carcinoma studies are described in the ADVERSE REACTIONS section in tabular (Tables 10 and 11) and narrative form.
Second-Line Data: Data from five Phase 1 & 2 clinical studies (189 patients), a multicenter randomized Phase 3 study (407 patients), as well as an interim analysis of data from more than 300 patients enrolled in a treatment referral center program were used in support of the use of paclitaxel in patients who have failed initial or subsequent chemotherapy for metastatic carcinoma of the ovary. Two of the Phase 2 studies (92 patients) utilized an initial dose of 135 to 170 mg/m2 in most patients(>90%) administered over 24 hours by continuous infusion. Response rates in these two studies were 22% (95% CI: 11% to 37%) and 30% (95% CI: 18% to 46%) with a total of 6 complete and 18 partial responses in 92 patients. The median duration of overall response in these two studies measured from the first day of treatment was 7.2 months (range: 3.5 to 15.8 months) and 7.5 months (range: 5.3 to 17.4 months), respectively. The median survival was 8.1 months (range: 0.2 to 36.7 months) and 15.9 months (range: 1.8 to 34.5+ months).
The Phase 3 study had a bifactorial design and compared the efficacy and safety of paclitaxel, administered at two different doses (135 or 175 mg/m2 and schedules (3- or 24-hour infusion). The overall response rate for the 407 patients was 16.2% (95% CI: 12.8% to 20.2%), with 6 complete and 60 partial responses. Duration of response, measured from the first day of treatment was 8.3 months (range: 3.2 to 21.6 months). Median time to progression was 3.7 months (range: 0.1+ to 25.1+ months). Median survival was 11.5 months (range: 0.2 to 26.3+ months).
Response rates, median survival, and median time to progression for the 4 arms are given in the following table.Table 3. Efficacy in the Phase 3 Second-Line Ovarian Carcinoma Study

	175/3 (n=96)	175/24 (n=106)	135/3 (n=99)	135/24 (n=106)
• Response — rate (percent)- 95% Confidence Interval	14.6(8.5-23.6)	21.7(14.5-31.0)	15.2(9.0-24.1)	13.2(7.7-21.5)
• Time to Progression — median (months)- 95% Confidence Interval	4.4(3.0-5.6)	4.2(3.5-5.1)	3.4(2.8-4.2)	2.8(1.9-4.0)
• Survival — median (months)- 95% Confidence Interval	11.5(8.4-14.4)	11.8(8.9 -14.6)	13.1(9.1-14.6)	10 .7(8.1-13.6)

Analyses were performed as planned by the bifactorial study design described in the protocol, by comparing the two doses (135 or 175 mg/m2) irrespective of the schedule (3 or 24 hours) and the two schedules irrespective of dose. Patients receiving the 175 mg/m2 dose had a response rate similar to that for those receiving the 135 mg/m2 dose: 18% vs. 14% (p=0.28). No difference in response rate was detected when comparing the 3-hour with the 24-hour infusion: 15% vs. 17% (p=0.50). Patients receiving the 175 mg/m2 dose of paclitaxel had a longer time to progression than those receiving the 135 mg/m2 dose: median 4.2 vs. 3.1 months (p=0.03). The median time to progression for patients receiving the 3-hour vs. the 24-hour infusion was 4.0 months vs. 3.7 months, respectively. Median survival was 11.6 months in patients receiving the 175 mg/m2 dose of paclitaxel and 11.0 months in patients receiving the 135 mg/m2 dose (p=0.92). Median survival was 11.7 months for patients receiving the 3-hour infusion of paclitaxel and 11.2 months for patients receiving the 24 hour infusion (p=0.91). These statistical analyses should be viewed with caution because of the multiple comparisons made.
Paclitaxel remained active in patients who had developed resistance to platinum-containing therapy (defined as tumor progression while on, or tumor relapse within 6 months from completion of, a platinum-containing regimen) with response rates of 14% in the Phase 3 study and 31% in the Phase 1 & 2 clinical studies.

The adverse event profile in this Phase 3 study was consistent with that seen for the pooled analysis of data from 812 patients treated in 10 clinical studies. These adverse events and adverse events from the Phase 3 second-line ovarian carcinoma study are described in the ADVERSE REACTIONS section in tabular (Tables 10 and 12) and narrative form.
The results of this randomized study support the use of Paclitaxel Injection, USP at doses of 135 to 175 mg/m2, administered by a 3-hour intravenous infusion. The same doses administered by 24-hour infusion were more toxic. However, the study had insufficient power to determine whether a particular dose and schedule produced superior efficacy.

Breast Carcinoma:
Adjuvant Therapy
A Phase 3 Intergroup study (Cancer and Leukemia Group B [CALGB], Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group [ECOG], North Central Cancer Treatment Group [NCCTG], and Southwest Oncology Group [SWOG]) randomized 3170 patients with node-positive breast carcinoma to adjuvant therapy with paclitaxel or to no further chemotherapy following 4 courses of doxorubicin and cyclophosphamide (AC). This multicenter trial was conducted in women with histologically positive lymph nodes following either a mastectomy or segmental mastectomy and nodal dissections. The 3 x 2 factorial studies was designed to assess the efficacy and safety of 3 different dose levels of doxorubicin (A) and to evaluate the effect of the addition of paclitaxel administered following the completion of AC therapy. After stratification for the number of positive lymph nodes (1 to 3, 4 to 9, or 10+), patients were randomized to receive cyclophosphamide at a dose of 600 mg/m2 and doxorubicin at doses of either 60 mg/m2 (on day 1), 75 mg/m2 (in 2 divided doses on days 1 and 2), or 90 mg/m2 (in 2 divided doses on days 1 and 2 with prophylactic G-CSF support and ciprofloxacin) every 3 weeks for 4 courses and either paclitaxel 175 mg/m2 as a 3-hour infusion every 3 weeks for 4 additional courses or no additional chemotherapy. Patients whose tumors were positive were to receive subsequent tamoxifen treatment (20 mg daily for 5 years); patients who received segmental mastectomies prior to study were to receive breast irradiation after recovery from treatment-related toxicities.
At the time of the current analysis, median follow-up was 30.1 months. Of the 2066 patients who were hormone receptor positive, 93% received tamoxifen. The primary analyses of disease-free survival and overall survival used multivariate Cox models, which included paclitaxel administration, doxorubicin dose, number of positive lymph nodes, tumor size, menopausal status, and estrogen receptor status as factors. Based on the model for disease-free survival, patients receiving AC followed by paclitaxel had a 22% reduction in the risk of disease recurrence compared to patients randomized to AC alone (Hazard Ratio [HR]=0.78, 95% CI, 0.67 to 0.91, p=0.0022). They also had a 26% reduction in the risk of death (HR=0.74, 95% CI, 0.60 to 0.92, p=0.0065). For disease-free survival and overall survival, p-values were not adjusted for interim analyses. Kaplan-Meier curves are shown in Figures 3 and 4. Increasing the dose of doxorubicin higher than 60 mg/m2 had no effect on either disease-free survival or overall survival.
Figure 3. Disease-Free Survival: AC Versus AC+T

Figure 4. Survival: AC Versus AC+T
Subset analyses: Subsets defined by variables of known prognostic importance in adjuvant breast carcinoma were examined, including number of positive lymph nodes, tumor size, hormone receptor status, and menopausal status. Such analyses must be interpreted with care, as the most secure finding is the overall study result. In general, a reduction in hazard similar to the overall reduction was seen with paclitaxel for both disease-free and overall survival in all of the larger subsets with one exception; patients with receptor-positive tumors had a smaller reduction in hazard (HR=0.92) for disease-free survival with paclitaxel than other groups. Results of subset analyses are shown in Table 4.

Table 4. Subset Analyses — Adjuvant Breast Carcinoma Study

Patient Subset	Disease-Free Survival			Overall Survival
	No. of Patients	No. of Recurrences	Hazard Ratio (95% CI)	No. of Deaths	Hazard Ratio (95% CI)
• No. of Positive Nodes 1-34-910 +	14491310360	221274129	0.72(0.55-0.94)0.78(0.61-0.99)0.93(0.66-1.31)	10714887	0.76(0.52-1.12)0.66(0.47-0.91)0.90(0.59-1.36)
• Tumor Size (cm) ≤2>2 and ≤5>5	10961611397	153358111	0.79(0.57-1.08)0.79(0.64 -0.97)0.75(0.51-1.08)	6720172	0.73(0.45-1.18)0.74(0.56-0.98)0.73(0.46-1.16)
• Menopausal Status PrePost	19291183	374250	0.8 3(0.67-1.01)0.73(0.57-0.93)	187155	0.72(0.54-0.97)0.77(0.56-1.06)
• Receptor Status Positivea Negative/Unknownb	20661055	293331	0.92(0.73-1.16 )0.68(0.55-0.85)	126216	0.83(0.59-1.18)0.71(0.54-0.93)
a Positive for either estrogen or progesterone receptors.b Negative or missing for both estrogen and progesterone receptors (both missing : n=15).

These retrospective subgroup analyses suggest that the beneficial effect of paclitaxel is clearly established in the receptor-negative subgroup, but the benefit in receptor-positive patients is not yet clear. With respect to menopausal status, the benefit of paclitaxel is consistent (see Table 4 and Figures 5 to 8).
Figure 5. Disease-Free Survival: Receptor Status Negative/Unknown AC Versus AC+T

Figure 6. Disease-Free Survival: Receptor Status Positive AC Versus AC+T

Figure 7. Disease-Free Survival: Premonopausal AC Versus AC+T

Figure 8. Disease-Free Survival: Postmenopausal AC Versus AC+T
The adverse event profile for the patients who received paclitaxel subsequent to AC was consistent with that seen in the pooled analysis of data from 812 patients (Table 10) treated with single-agent paclitaxel in 10 clinical studies. These adverse events are described in the ADVERSE REACTIONS section in tabular (Tables 10 and 13) and narrative form.

After Failure of Initial Chemotherapy: Data from 83 patients accrued in three Phase 2 open label studies and from 471 patients enrolled in a Phase 3 randomized study were available to support the use of paclitaxel in patients with metastatic breast carcinoma.

Phase 2 Open Label Studies: Two studies were conducted in 53 patients previously treated with a maximum of one prior chemotherapeutic regimen. Paclitaxel was administered in these

two trials as a 24-hour infusion at initial doses of 250 mg/m² (with G-CSF support) or 200 mg/m². The response rates were 57% (95% CI: 37% to 75%) and 52% (95% CI: 32% to 72%), respectively. The third Phase 2 study was conducted in extensively pretreated patients who had failed anthracycline therapy and who had received a minimum of two chemotherapy regimens for the treatment of metastatic disease. The dose of paclitaxel was 200 mg/m² as a 24-hour infusion with G-CSF support. Nine of 30 patients achieved a partial response, for a response rate of 30% (95% CI: 15% to 50%).
Phase 3 Randomized Study: This multicenter trial was conducted in patients previously treated with one or two regimens of chemotherapy. Patients were randomized to receive paclitaxel at a dose of either 175 mg/m² or 135 mg/m² given as a 3-hour infusion. In the 471 patients enrolled, 60% had symptomatic disease with impaired performance status at study entry, and 73% had visceral metastases. These patients had failed prior chemotherapy either in the adjuvant setting (30%), the metastatic setting (39%), or both (31%). Sixty-seven percent of the patients had been previously exposed to anthracyclines and 23% of them had disease considered resistant to this class of agents.
The overall response rate for the 454 evaluable patients was 26% (95% CI: 22% to 30%), with 17 complete and 99 partial responses. The median duration of response, measured from the first day of treatment, was 8.1 months (range: 3.4 to 18.1+ months). Overall for the 471 patients, the median time to progression was 3.5 months (range: 0.03 to 17.1 months). Median survival was 11.7 months (range: 0 to 18.9 months).
Response rates, median survival and median time to progression for the 2 arms are given in the following table.Table 5. Efficacy in Breast Cancer after Failure of Initial Chemotherapy or within 6 Months of Adjuvant Chemotherapy

	175/3 (n=235)		135/3 (n=236 )
• Response — rate (percent)- p-value	28	0.1350 .135	22
• Time to Progression — median (months)- p-value	4.2	0.0270 .0 27	3.0
• Survival — median (months)- p-value	11.7	0.3210 .321	10.5

The adverse event profile of the patients who received single-agent Paclitaxel Injection, USP, in the Phase 3 study was consistent with that seen for the pooled analysis of data from 812 patients treated in 10 clinical studies. These adverse events and adverse events from the Phase 3 breast carcinoma study are described in the ADVERSE REACTIONS section in tabular (Tables 10 and 14) and narrative form.

Non-Small Cell Lung Carcinoma (NSCLC)

In a Phase 3 open-label randomized study conducted by the ECOG, 599 patients were randomized to either paclitaxel (T) 135 mg/m² as a 24-hour infusion in combination with cisplatin (c) 75 mg/m² , paclitaxel (T) 250 mg/m² as a 24-hour infusion in combination with cisplatin (c) 75 mg/m² with G-CSF support, orcisplatin (c) 75 mg/m² on day 1, followed by etoposide (VP) 100 mg/m² on days 1, 2, and 3 (control). Response rates, median time to progression, median survival, and 1-year survival rates are given in the following table. The reported p-values have not been adjusted for multiple comparisons. There were statistically significant differences favoring each of the paclitaxel plus cisplatin arms for response rate and time to tumor progression. There was no statistically significant difference in survival between either paclitaxel plus cisplatin arm and the cisplatin plus etoposide arm.

Table 6. Efficacy Parameters in the Phase 3 First-Line NSCLC Study

	T135/24 c75 (n=198)	T250/24 c75 (n=201)	VP100a c75 (n=200)
• Response — rate (percent)- p-valueb	250.001	23<0.001	12
• Time to Progression — median (months)- p-valueb	4.30.05	4.90.004	2.7
• Survival — median (months)- p-valueb	9.30.12	10.00.08	7.4
• 1-Year Survival — percent of patients	36	40	32
a Etoposide (VP) 100 mg/m2 was administered IV on days 1, 2, and 3.b Compared to cisplatin/etoposide.

In the ECOG study, the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Lung (FACT-L) questionnaire had 7 subscales that measured subjective assessment of treatment. Of the 7, the LungCancer Specific Symptoms subscale favored the paclitaxel 135 mg/m² /24 hour plus cisplatin arm compared to the cisplatin/etoposide arm. For all other factors, there was no difference in the treatment groups.The adverse event profile for patients who received paclitaxel in combination with cisplatin in this study was generally consistent with that seen for the pooled analysis of data from 812 patients treated with single-agent paclitaxel in 10 clinical studies. These adverse events and adverse events from the Phase 3 first-line NSCLC study are described in the ADVERSE REACTIONS section in tabular (Tables 10 and 15) and narrative form.

AIDS-Related Kaposi’s Sarcoma

Data from 2, Phase 2 open-label studies support the use of paclitaxel as second-line therapy in patients with AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma. Fifty-nine of the 85 patients enrolled in these studies had previously received systemic therapy, including interferon alpha (32%), DaunoXome® (31%), DOXIL^® (2%), and doxorubicin containing chemotherapy (42%), with 64% having received prior anthracyclines. Eighty-five percent of the pretreated patients had progressed on, or could not tolerate, prior systemic therapy¹.

In Study CA139-174, patients received paclitaxel at 135 mg/m² as a 3-hour infusion every 3 weeks (intended dose intensity 45 mg/m² /week). If no dose-limiting toxicity was observed, patients were to receive 155 mg/m² and 175 mg/m² in subsequent courses. Hematopoietic growth factors were not to be used initially. In Study CA139-281, patients received paclitaxel 100 mg/m² as a 3-hour infusion every 2 weeks (intended dose intensity 50 mg/m² /week). In this study patients could be receiving hematopoietic growth factors before the start of paclitaxel therapy, or this support was to be initiated as indicated; the dose of paclitaxel was not increased. The dose intensity of paclitaxel used in this patient population was lower than the dose intensity recommended for other solid tumors.

All patients had widespread and poor-risk disease. Applying the ACTG staging criteria to patients with prior systemic therapy, 93% were poor risk for extent of disease (T1), 88% had a CD4 count <200 cells/mm³ (I1), and 97% had poor risk considering their systemic illness (S1).

All patients in Study CA139-174 had a Karnofsky performance status of 80 or 90 at baseline; in Study CA139-281, there were 26 (46%) patients with a Karnofsky performance status of 70 or worse at baseline.

Table 7. Extent of Disease at Study Entry Percent of Patients

	Prior Systemic Therapy (n=59 )
Visceral ± edema ± oral ± cutaneous	42
Edema or lymph nodes ± oral ± cutaneous	41
Oral ± cutaneous	10
Cutaneous only	7

Although the planned dose intensity in the 2 studies was slightly different (45 mg/m² /week in Study CA139-174 and 50 mg/m² /week in Study CA139-281), delivered dose intensity was 38 to 39 mg/m² /week in both studies, with a similar range (20-24 to 51-61).Although the planned dose intensity in the 2 studies was slightly different (45 mg/m² /week in Study CA139-174 and 50 mg/m² /week in Study CA139-281), delivered dose intensity was 38 to 39 mg/m² /week in both studies, with a similar range (20-24 to 51-61).

Efficacy: The efficacy of paclitaxel was evaluated by assessing cutaneous tumor response according to the amended ACTG criteria and by seeking evidence of clinical benefit in patients in 6 domains of symptoms and/or conditions that are commonly related to AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma.

Cutaneous Tumor Response (Amended ACTG Criteria): The objective response rate was 59% (95% CI, 46 to 72%) (35 of 59 patients) in patients with prior systemic therapy. Cutaneous responses were primarily defined as flattening of more than 50% of previously raised lesions.

Table 8. Overall Best Response (Amended ACTG Criteria) Percent of Patients

	Prior Systemic Therapy (n=59 )
Complete response	3
Partial response	56
Stable disease	29
Progression	8
Early death/toxicity	3

The median time to response was 8.1 weeks and the median duration of response measured from the first day of treatment was 10.4 months (95% CI, 7.0 to11.0 months) for the patients who had previously received systemic therapy. The median time to progression was 6.2 months (95% CI, 4.6 to 8.7 months).

Additional Clinical Benefit: Most data on patient benefit were assessed retrospectively (plans for such analyses were not included in the study protocols). Nonetheless, clinical descriptions and photographs indicated clear benefit in some patients, including instances of improved pulmonary function in patient with pulmonary involvement, improved ambulation, resolution of ulcers, and decreased analgesic requirements in patients with Kaposi’s sarcoma (KS) involving the feet and resolution of facial lesions and edema in patients with KS involving the face, extremities, and genitalia.

Safety: The adverse event profile of paclitaxel administered to patients with advanced HIV disease and poor-risk AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma was generally similar to that seen in the pooled analysis of data from 812 patients with solid tumors. These adverse events and adverse events from the Phase 2 second-line Kaposi’s sarcoma studies are described in the ADVERSE REACTIONS section in tabular (Tables 10 and 16) and narrative form. In this immunosuppressed patient population, however, a lower dose intensity of paclitaxel and supportive therapy including hematopoietic growth factors in patients with severe neutropenia are recommended. Patients with AIDS-related Kaposi’s sarcoma may have more severe hematologic toxicities than patients with solid tumors.