Pramipexole Dihydrochloride (Page 3 of 8)
5.11 Withdrawal Symptoms
Symptoms including apathy, anxiety, depression, fatigue, insomnia, sweating, and pain have been reported during taper or after discontinuation of dopamine agonists, including pramipexole dihydrochloride extended-release tablets. These symptoms generally do not respond to levodopa.
Prior to discontinuation of pramipexole dihydrochloride extended-release tablets, patients should be informed about potential withdrawal symptoms, and monitored during and after discontinuation. In case of severe withdrawal symptoms, a trial re-administration of a dopamine agonist at the lowest effective dose may be considered.
6 ADVERSE REACTIONS
The following adverse reactions are discussed in greater detail in other sections of the labeling:
- Falling Asleep During Activities of Daily Living and Somnolence [see Warnings and Precautions (5.1)]
- Symptomatic Orthostatic Hypotension [see Warnings and Precautions (5.2)]
- Impulse Control / Compulsive Behaviors [see Warnings and Precautions (5.3)]
- Hallucinations and Psychotic-like Behavior [see Warnings and Precautions (5.4)]
- Dyskinesia [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5)]
- Postural Deformity [see Warnings and Precautions (5.6)]
- Rhabdomyolysis [see Warnings and Precautions (5.8)]
- Retinal Pathology [see Warnings and Precautions (5.9)]
- Events Reported with Dopaminergic Therapy [see Warnings and Precautions (5.10)]
- Withdrawal Symptoms [see Warnings and Precautions (5.11)]
6.1 Clinical Trials Experience
Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug (or of another development program of a different formulation of the same drug) and may not reflect the rates observed in practice.
During the premarketing development of pramipexole dihydrochloride extended-release tablets, patients with early Parkinson’s disease were treated with pramipexole dihydrochloride extended-release tablets, placebo, or immediate-release pramipexole tablets. In addition, a randomized, double-blind, parallel group trial was conducted in 156 early Parkinson’s disease patients (Hoehn & Yahr Stages I-III) to assess overnight switching of immediate-release pramipexole tablets to extended-release pramipexole tablets. In this latter study, concomitant treatment with stable doses of levodopa, monoamine oxidase B inhibitor (MAOB-I) drugs, anticholinergics, or amantadine, individually or in combination, was allowed. In a third trial, advanced Parkinson’s disease patients received pramipexole extended-release tablets, placebo, or immediate-release pramipexole tablets as adjunctive therapy to levodopa.
Early Parkinson’s Disease
The most common adverse reactions (≥5% and more frequent than placebo) after 33 weeks of treatment with pramipexole dihydrochloride extended-release tablets in the trial of early Parkinson’s disease patients were somnolence, nausea, constipation, dizziness, fatigue, hallucinations, dry mouth, muscle spasms, and peripheral edema.
Twenty four of 223 (11%) patients treated with pramipexole dihydrochloride extended-release tablets for 33 weeks discontinued treatment due to adverse reactions compared to 4 of 103 (4%) patients who received placebo and approximately 20 of 213 (9%) patients who received immediate-release pramipexole tablets. The adverse reaction most commonly causing discontinuation of treatment with pramipexole dihydrochloride extended-release tablets was nausea (2%).
Table 1 lists adverse reactions that occurred with a frequency of at least 2% with pramipexole dihydrochloride extended-release and were more frequent than with placebo during 33 weeks of treatment in a double-blind, placebo-controlled study in early Parkinson’s disease. In this study, patients did not receive concomitant levodopa; however, levodopa was permitted as rescue medication.
Table 1 Adverse-Reactions in a 33-Week Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial with Pramipexole Dihydrochloride Extended-Release in Early Parkinson’s Disease
Body System / Adverse Reaction | Placebo | Extended-Release Pramipexole | Immediate Release Pramipexole |
(n=103) | (n=223) | (n=213) | |
% | % | % | |
Nervous system disorders | |||
Somnolence | 15 | 36 | 33 |
Dizziness | 7 | 12 | 12 |
Tremor | 1 | 3 | 3 |
Balance disorder | 1 | 2 | 0 |
Gastrointestinal disorders | |||
Nausea | 9 | 22 | 24 |
Constipation | 2 | 14 | 12 |
Dry mouth | 1 | 5 | 4 |
Vomiting | 0 | 4 | 4 |
Upper abdominal pain | 1 | 3 | 4 |
Dyspepsia | 2 | 3 | 3 |
Abdominal discomfort | 0 | 2 | 1 |
Psychiatric disorders | |||
Hallucinations, including visual, auditory and mixed | 1 | 5 | 6 |
Insomnia | 3 | 4 | 4 |
Sleep attacks or sudden onset of sleep | 1 | 3 | 6 |
Sleep disorder | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Depression | 0 | 2 | 0 |
General disorders and administration site conditions | |||
Fatigue | 4 | 6 | 6 |
Peripheral edema | 4 | 5 | 8 |
Asthenia | 2 | 3 | 1 |
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | |||
Muscle spasms | 3 | 5 | 3 |
Injury, poisoning and procedural complications | |||
Fall | 1 | 4 | 4 |
Ear and labyrinth disorders | |||
Vertigo | 1 | 4 | 2 |
Respiratory, thoracic and mediastinal disorders | |||
Cough | 1 | 3 | 3 |
Metabolism and nutrition disorders | |||
Increased appetite | 1 | 3 | 2 |
Vascular disorders | |||
Orthostatic hypotension | 1 | 3 | 0 |
Because this study used a flexible dose titration design, it was not possible to assess the effects of dose on the incidence of adverse reactions.
Adverse reactions can initially occur in either the titration or maintenance phase. Some adverse reactions developed in pramipexole dihydrochloride extended-release-treated patients during the titration phase and persisted (≥7 days) into the maintenance phase (i.e., pramipexole dihydrochloride extended-release % — placebo % = treatment difference ≥2%); persistent adverse reactions were somnolence, nausea, constipation, fatigue, and dry mouth.
A double-blind, randomized, parallel group trial evaluated the tolerability of an overnight switch from immediate-release pramipexole tablets to extended-release pramipexole tablets at the same daily dose in 156 early Parkinson’s disease patients with or without levodopa. One of 104 patients switched from immediate-release pramipexole tablets to extended-release pramipexole tablets discontinued due to adverse reactions (vertigo and nausea).
Advanced Parkinson’s Disease
The most common adverse reactions (≥5% and greater frequency than in placebo) during 18 weeks of treatment with pramipexole dihydrochloride extended-release tablets in the trial of advanced Parkinson’s disease patients with concomitant levodopa were dyskinesia, nausea, constipation, hallucinations, headache, and anorexia.
Eight of 164 (5%) patients treated with pramipexole dihydrochloride extended-release tablets for 18 weeks discontinued treatment due to adverse reactions compared to 7 of 178 (4%) patients who received placebo and 8 of 175 (5%) patients who received immediate-release pramipexole tablets. The most common adverse reactions leading to discontinuation of treatment with pramipexole dihydrochloride extended-release tablets were nausea (1%) and hallucination (1%).
Table 2 lists adverse reactions that occurred with a frequency of at least 2% with pramipexole dihydrochloride extended-release and were more frequent than with placebo during 18 weeks of treatment in patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease treated with pramipexole dihydrochloride extended-release tablets. In this study, pramipexole dihydrochloride extended-release tablets, immediate-release pramipexole tablets, or placebo was administered to patients who were also receiving concomitant levodopa.
Table 2 Adverse-Reactions in an 18-Week Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial with Pramipexole Dihydrochloride Extended-Release in Advanced Parkinson’s Disease
Body System/Adverse Reaction | Placebo | Extended-Release Pramipexole | Immediate-Release Pramipexole |
n = 178 | n = 164 | n = 175 | |
% | % | % | |
Nervous system disorders | |||
Dyskinesia | 8 | 17 | 18 |
Headache | 3 | 7 | 4 |
Dizziness (postural) | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Gastrointestinal disorders | |||
Nausea | 10 | 11 | 11 |
Constipation | 5 | 7 | 6 |
Salivary hypersecretion | 0 | 2 | 0 |
Diarrhea | 1 | 2 | 1 |
Psychiatric disorders | |||
Hallucinations, including visual, auditory and mixed | 2 | 9 | 7 |
Insomnia | 2 | 4 | 4 |
Metabolism and nutrition disorders | |||
Anorexia | 2 | 5 | 1 |
Musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders | |||
Back pain | 1 | 2 | 3 |
Because this flexible dose study used a titration design, it was not possible to assess the effects of dose on the incidence of adverse reactions.
Adverse reactions can initially occur in either the titration or maintenance phase. Some adverse reactions developed in pramipexole dihydrochloride extended-release-treated patients during the titration phase and persisted (≥7 days) into the maintenance phase (i.e., pramipexole dihydrochloride extended-release % — placebo % = treatment difference ≥2%); persistent adverse reactions were dyskinesia and insomnia.
Laboratory Testing
During the development of pramipexole dihydrochloride extended-release tablets, no systematic abnormalities on routine laboratory testing were noted.
Other adverse reactions observed during clinical trials of pramipexole dihydrochloride immediate-release tablets or pramipexole dihydrochloride extended-release tablets inearly and advanced Parkinson’s disease
Other adverse reactions in clinical studies involving pramipexole dihydrochloride immediate-release tablets or pramipexole dihydrochloride extended-release tablets include abnormal dreams, akathisia, amnesia, decreased libido, decreased weight, dyspnea, pneumonia, and vision abnormalities.
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