Rabeprazole Sodium (Page 7 of 11)

12.5 Pharmacogenomics

In a clinical study in evaluating Rabeprazole Sodium Delayed-Release Tablets in Japanese adult patients categorized by CYP2C19 genotype (n=6 per genotype category), gastric acid suppression was higher in poor metabolizers as compared to extensive metabolizers. This could be due to higher rabeprazole plasma levels in poor metabolizers. The clinical relevance of this is not known. Whether or not interactions of rabeprazole sodium with other drugs metabolized by CYP2C19 would be different between extensive metabolizers and poor metabolizers has not been studied.

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

In an 88/104-week carcinogenicity study in CD-1 mice, rabeprazole at oral doses up to 100 mg/kg/day did not produce any increased tumor occurrence. The highest tested dose produced a systemic exposure to rabeprazole (AUC) of 1.40 µg∙hr/mL which is 1.6 times the human exposure (plasma AUC 0-∞ = 0.88 µg∙hr/mL) at the recommended dose for GERD (20 mg/day). In a 28-week carcinogenicity study in p53 +/- transgenic mice, rabeprazole at oral doses of 20, 60, and 200 mg/kg/day did not cause an increase in the incidence rates of tumors but produced gastric mucosal hyperplasia at all doses. The systemic exposure to rabeprazole at 200 mg/kg/day is about 17 to 24 times the human exposure at the recommended dose for GERD. In a 104-week carcinogenicity study in Sprague-Dawley rats, males were treated with oral doses of 5, 15, 30 and 60 mg/kg/day and females with 5, 15, 30, 60, and 120 mg/kg/day. Rabeprazole produced gastric enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cell hyperplasia in male and female rats and ECL cell carcinoid tumors in female rats at all doses including the lowest tested dose. The lowest dose (5 mg/kg/day) produced a systemic exposure to rabeprazole (AUC) of about 0.1 µg∙hr/mL which is about 0.1 times the human exposure at the recommended dose for GERD. In male rats, no treatment related tumors were observed at doses up to 60 mg/kg/day producing a rabeprazole plasma exposure (AUC) of about 0.2 µg∙hr/mL (0.2 times the human exposure at the recommended dose for GERD).

Rabeprazole was positive in the Ames test, the Chinese hamster ovary cell (CHO/HGPRT) forward gene mutation test, and the mouse lymphoma cell (L5178Y/TK +/-) forward gene mutation test. Its demethylated-metabolite was also positive in the Ames test. Rabeprazole was negative in the in vitro Chinese hamster lung cell chromosome aberration test, the in vivo mouse micronucleus test, and the in vivo and ex vivo rat hepatocyte unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) tests.

Rabeprazole at intravenous doses up to 30 mg/kg/day (plasma AUC of 8.8 µg∙hr/mL, about 10 times the human exposure at the recommended dose for GERD) was found to have no effect on fertility and reproductive performance of male and female rats.

14 CLINICAL STUDIES

14.1 Healing of Erosive or Ulcerative GERD in Adults

In a U.S., multicenter, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study, 103 patients were treated for up to eight weeks with placebo, 10 mg, 20 mg, or 40 mg Rabeprazole Sodium Delayed-Release Tablets once daily. For this and all studies of GERD healing, only patients with GERD symptoms and at least grade 2 esophagitis (modified Hetzel-Dent grading scale) were eligible for entry. Endoscopic healing was defined as grade 0 or 1. Each rabeprazole dose was significantly superior to placebo in producing endoscopic healing after four and eight weeks of treatment. The percentage of patients demonstrating endoscopic healing was as follows:

Table 7: Healing of Erosive or Ulcerative Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Percentage of Patients Healed

*
(p<0.001 versus placebo)
Rabeprazole Sodium Delayed-Release Tablets
Week 10 mg once daily N=27 20 mg once daily N=25 40 mg once daily N=26 Placebo N=25
4 63% * 56% * 54% * 0%
8 93% * 84% * 85% * 12%

In addition, there was a statistically significant difference in favor of the Rabeprazole Sodium Delayed-Release Tablets 10 mg, 20 mg, and 40 mg doses compared to placebo at Weeks 4 and 8 regarding complete resolution of GERD heartburn frequency (p≤0.026). All Rabeprazole Sodium Delayed-Release Tablets groups reported significantly greater rates of complete resolution of GERD daytime heartburn severity compared to placebo at Weeks 4 and 8 (p≤0.036). Mean reductions from baseline in daily antacid dose were statistically significant for all Rabeprazole Sodium Delayed-Release Tablets groups when compared to placebo at both Weeks 4 and 8 (p≤0.007).

In a North American multicenter, randomized, double-blind, active-controlled study of 336 patients, the percentage of patients healed at endoscopy after four and eight weeks of treatment was statistically superior in the patients treated with Rabeprazole Sodium Delayed-Release Tablets compared to ranitidine:

Table 8: Healing of Erosive or Ulcerative Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Percentage of Patients Healed

*
(p<0.001 versus ranitidine)
Week 20 mg Rabeprazole Sodium Delayed-Release Tablets once daily N=167 Ranitidine 150 mg four times daily N=169
4 59% * 36%
8 87% * 66%

A dose of 20 mg once daily of Rabeprazole Sodium Delayed-Release Tablets was significantly more effective than ranitidine 150 mg four times daily in the percentage of patients with complete resolution of heartburn at Weeks 4 and 8 (p<0.001). Rabeprazole Sodium Delayed-Release Tablets were also more effective in complete resolution of daytime heartburn (p≤0.025), and nighttime heartburn (p≤0.012) at both Weeks 4 and 8, with significant differences by the end of the first week of the study.

The recommended dosage of Rabeprazole Sodium Delayed-Release Tablets is 20 mg once daily for 4 to 8 weeks.

14.3 Treatment of Symptomatic GERD in Adults

Two U.S., multicenter, double-blind, placebo controlled studies were conducted in 316 adult patients with daytime and nighttime heartburn. Patients reported 5 or more periods of moderate to very severe heartburn during the placebo treatment phase the week prior to randomization. Patients were confirmed by endoscopy to have no esophageal erosions.

The percentage of heartburn free daytime and/or nighttime periods was greater with 20 mg Rabeprazole Sodium Delayed-Release Tablets compared to placebo over the 4 weeks of study in Study RAB-USA-2 (47% vs. 23%) and Study RAB-USA-3 (52% vs. 28%). The mean decreases from baseline in average daytime and nighttime heartburn scores were significantly greater for Rabeprazole Sodium Delayed-Release Tablets 20 mg as compared to placebo at week 4. Graphical displays depicting the daily mean daytime and nighttime scores are provided in Figures 2 to 5.

Figure 2: Mean Daytime Heartburn Scores RAB-USA-2

Figure 2
(click image for full-size original)

Figure 3: Mean Nighttime Heartburn Scores RAB-USA-2

Figure 3
(click image for full-size original)

Figure 4: Mean Daytime Heartburn Scores RAB-USA-3

Figure 4
(click image for full-size original)

Figure 5: Mean Nighttime Heartburn Scores RAB-USA-3

Figure 5
(click image for full-size original)

In addition, the combined analysis of these two studies showed 20 mg of Rabeprazole Sodium Delayed-Release Tablets significantly improved other GERD-associated symptoms (regurgitation, belching, and early satiety) by week 4 compared with placebo (all p values <0.005).

A dose of 20 mg Rabeprazole Sodium Delayed-Release Tablets also significantly reduced daily antacid consumption versus placebo over 4 weeks (p<0.001).

The recommended dosage of Rabeprazole Sodium Delayed-Release Tablets is 20 mg once daily for 4 weeks.

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