Raloxifene Hydrochloride (Page 6 of 9)

14.2 Prevention of Postmenopausal Osteoporosis

The effects of raloxifene hydrochloride on BMD in postmenopausal women were examined in three randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind osteoporosis prevention trials: (1) a North American trial enrolled 544 women; (2) a European trial, 601 women; and (3) an international trial, 619 women who had undergone hysterectomy. In these trials, all women received calcium supplementation (400 to 600 mg/day). Women enrolled in these trials had a median age of 54 years and a median time since menopause of 5 years (less than 1 year up to 15 years postmenopause). The majority of the women were White (93.5%). Women were included if they had spine BMD between 2.5 standard deviations below and 2 standard deviations above the mean value for healthy young women. The mean T scores (number of standard deviations above or below the mean in healthy young women) for the three trials ranged from -1.01 to -0.74 for spine BMD and included women both with normal and low BMD. Raloxifene hydrochloride, 60 mg administered once daily, produced increases in bone mass versus calcium supplementation alone, as reflected by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometric (DXA) measurements of hip, spine, and total body BMD.

Effect on Bone Mineral Density

Compared with placebo, the increases in BMD for each of the three studies were statistically significant at 12 months and were maintained at 24 months ( see Table 6). The placebo groups lost approximately 1% of BMD over 24 months.

Table 6: Raloxifene Hydrochloride- (60 mg Once Daily) Related Increases in BMD * for the Three Osteoporosis Prevention Studies Expressed as Mean Percentage Increase vs. Placebo at 24 Months
*
Note: all BMD increases were significant (p ≤ 0.001).
All patients received calcium.
Intent-to-treat analysis; last observation carried forward.
§
Abbreviations: NA = North American, EU = European, INT = International.
All women in the study had previously undergone hysterectomy.

Site

Study

NA §

%

EU §

%

INT §,

%

Total Hip

2.0

2.4

1.3

Femoral Neck

2.1

2.5

1.6

Trochanter

2.2

2.7

1.3

Intertrochanter

2.3

2.4

1.3

Lumbar Spine

2.0

2.4

1.8

Raloxifene hydrochloride also increased BMD compared with placebo in the total body by 1.3% to 2.0% and in Ward’s Triangle (hip) by 3.1% to 4.0%. The effects of raloxifene hydrochloride on forearm BMD were inconsistent between studies. In Study EU, raloxifene hydrochloride prevented bone loss at the ultradistal radius, whereas in Study NA, it did not ( see Figure 1).

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Figure 1: Total hip bone mineral density mean percentage change from baseline

Effect on Endometrium

In placebo-controlled osteoporosis prevention trials, endometrial thickness was evaluated every 6 months (for 24 months) by transvaginal ultrasonography (TVU). A total of 2978 TVU measurements were collected from 831 women in all dose groups. Placebo-treated women had a 0.04 mm mean increase from baseline in endometrial thickness over 2 years, whereas the raloxifene hydrochloride-treated women had a 0.09 mm mean increase. Endometrial thickness measurements in raloxifene-treated women were indistinguishable from placebo. There were no differences between the raloxifene and placebo groups with respect to the incidence of reported vaginal bleeding.

14.3 Reduction in Risk of Invasive Breast Cancer in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis

MORE Trial

The effect of raloxifene hydrochloride on the incidence of breast cancer was assessed as a secondary safety endpoint in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multinational osteoporosis treatment trial in postmenopausal women [ see Clinical Studies ( 14.1) ]. After 4 years, raloxifene hydrochloride, 60 mg administered once daily, reduced the incidence of all breast cancers by 62%, compared with placebo (HR 0.38, 95% CI 0.22 to 0.67). Raloxifene hydrochloride reduced the incidence of invasive breast cancer by 71%, compared with placebo (ARR 3.1 per 1000 women-years); this was primarily due to an 80% reduction in the incidence of ER-positive invasive breast cancer in the raloxifene hydrochloride group compared with placebo. Table 7 presents efficacy and selected safety outcomes .

CORE Trial

The effect of raloxifene hydrochloride on the incidence of invasive breast cancer was evaluated for 4 additional years in a follow-up study conducted in a subset of postmenopausal women originally enrolled in the MORE osteoporosis treatment trial. Women were not re-randomized; the treatment assignment from the osteoporosis treatment trial was carried forward to this study. Raloxifene hydrochloride, 60 mg administered once daily, reduced the incidence of invasive breast cancer by 56%, compared with placebo (ARR 3.0 per 1000 women-years); this was primarily due to a 63% reduction in the incidence of ER-positive invasive breast cancer in the raloxifene hydrochloride group compared with placebo. There was no reduction in the incidence of ER-negative breast cancer. In the osteoporosis treatment trial and the follow-up study, there was no difference in incidence of noninvasive breast cancer between the raloxifene hydrochloride and placebo groups. Table 7 presents efficacy and selected safety outcomes .

In a subset of postmenopausal women followed for up to 8 years from randomization in MORE to the end of CORE, raloxifene hydrochloride, 60 mg administered once daily, reduced the incidence of invasive breast cancer by 60% in women assigned raloxifene hydrochloride (N = 1355) compared with placebo (N = 1286) (HR 0.40, 95% CI 0.21, 0.77; ARR 1.95 per 1000 women-years); this was primarily due to a 65% reduction in the incidence of ER-positive invasive breast cancer in the raloxifene hydrochloride group compared with placebo .

Table 7: Raloxifene Hydrochloride (60 mg Once Daily) vs. Placebo on Outcomes in Postmenopausal Women with Osteoporosis
*
CORE was a follow-up study conducted in a subset of 4011 postmenopausal women who originally enrolled in MORE. Women were not re-randomized; the treatment assignment from MORE was carried forward to this study. At CORE enrollment, the raloxifene hydrochloride group included 2725 total patients with 1355 patients who were originally assigned to raloxifene 60 mg once daily and 1370 patients who were originally assigned to raloxifene 120 mg at MORE randomization.
Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; ER = estrogen receptor; HR = hazard ratio; IR = annual incidence rate per 1000 women; N/A = not applicable.
Included 1274 patients in placebo and 2716 patients in raloxifene hydrochloride who were not diagnosed with breast cancer prior to CORE enrollment.
§
p < 0.05, obtained from the log-rank test, and not adjusted for multiple comparisons in MORE.
All cases were ductal carcinoma in situ.
#
Only patients with an intact uterus were included (MORE: placebo = 1999, raloxifene hydrochloride = 1950; CORE: placebo = 1008, raloxifene hydrochloride = 2138).

MORE

4 years

CORE *

4 years

Outcomes

Placebo

(N = 2576)

Raloxifene Hydrochloride

(N = 2557)

HR

(95% CI)

Placebo

(N = 1286)

Raloxifene Hydrochloride

(N = 2725)

HR

(95% CI)

n

IR

n

IR

n

IR

n

IR

Invasive breast cancer

38

4.36

11

1.26

0.29

(0.15, 0.56) §

20

5.41

19

2.43

0.44

(0.24, 0.83) §

ER , positive

29

3.33

6

0.69

0.20

(0.08, 0.49)

15

4.05

12

1.54

0.37

(0.17, 0.79)

ER , negative

4

0.46

5

0.57

1.23

(0.33, 4.60)

3

0.81

6

0.77

0.95

(0.24, 3.79)

ER , unknown

5

0.57

0

0.00

N/A

2

0.54

1

0.13

N/A

Noninvasive , breast cancer

5

0.57

3

0.34

0.59

(0.14, 2.47)

2

0.54

5

0.64

1.18

(0.23, 6.07)

Clinical vertebral fractures

107

12.27

62

7.08

0.57

(0.42, 0.78)

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

N/A

Death

36

4.13

23

2.63

0.63

(0.38, 1.07)

29

7.76

47

5.99

0.77

(0.49, 1.23)

Death due to stroke

6

0.69

3

0.34

0.49

(0.12, 1.98)

1

0.27

6

0.76

2.87

(0.35, 23.80)

Stroke

56

6.42

43

4.91

0.76

(0.51, 1.14)

14

3.75

49

6.24

1.67

(0.92, 3.03)

Deep vein thrombosis

8

0.92

20

2.28

2.50

(1.10, 5.68)

4

1.07

17

2.17

2.03

(0.68, 6.03)

Pulmonary embolism

4

0.46

11

1.26

2.76

(0.88, 8.67)

0

0.00

9

1.15

N/A

Endometrial and uterine cancer #

5

0.74

5

0.74

1.01

(0.29, 3.49)

3

1.02

4

0.65

0.64

(0.14, 2.85)

Ovarian cancer

6

0.69

3

0.34

0.49

(0.12, 1.95)

2

0.54

2

0.25

0.47

(0.07, 3.36)

Hot flashes

151

17.31

237

27.06

1.61

(1.31, 1.97)

11

2.94

26

3.31

1.12

(0.55, 2.27)

Peripheral edema

134

15.36

164

18.73

1.23

(0.98, 1.54)

30

8.03

61

7.77

0.96

(0.62, 1.49)

Cholelithiasis

45

5.16

53

6.05

1.18

(0.79, 1.75)

12

3.21

35

4.46

1.39

(0.72, 2.67)

RUTH Trial

The effect of raloxifene hydrochloride on the incidence of invasive breast cancer was assessed in a randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blind, multinational study in 10,101 postmenopausal women at increased risk of coronary events. Women in this study had a median age of 67.6 years (range 55 to 92) and were followed for a median of 5.6 years (range 0.01 to 7.1). Eighty-four percent were White, 9.8% of women reported a first-degree relative with a history of breast cancer, and 41.4% of the women had a 5-year predicted risk of invasive breast cancer ≥ 1.66%, based on the modified Gail model.

Raloxifene hydrochloride, 60 mg administered once daily, reduced the incidence of invasive breast cancer by 44% compared with placebo [absolute risk reduction (ARR) 1.2 per 1000 women-years]; this was primarily due to a 55% reduction in estrogen receptor (ER)-positive invasive breast cancer in the raloxifene hydrochloride group compared with placebo (ARR 1.2 per 1000 women-years). There was no reduction in ER-negative invasive breast cancer. Table 8 presents efficacy and selected safety outcomes.

Table 8: Raloxifene Hydrochloride (60 mg Once Daily) vs. Placebo on Outcomes in Postmenopausal Women at Increased Risk for Major Coronary Events
*
Note: There were a total of 76 breast cancer cases in the placebo group and 52 in the raloxifene hydrochloride group. For two cases, one in each treatment group, invasive status was unknown.
Abbreviations: CI = confidence interval; ER = estrogen receptor; HR = hazard ratio; IR = annual incidence rate per 1000 women.
p < 0.05, obtained from the log-rank test, after adjusting for the co-primary endpoint of major coronary events.
§
All cases were ductal carcinoma in situ.
Only patients with an intact uterus were included (placebo = 3882, raloxifene hydrochloride = 3900).
#
Only patients with at least one ovary were included (placebo = 4606, raloxifene hydrochloride = 4559).
Þ
Only patients with an intact gallbladder at baseline were included (placebo = 4111, raloxifene hydrochloride = 4144).

Outcomes

Placebo *

(N = 5057)

Raloxifene Hydrochloride *

(N = 5044)

HR

(95% CI)

n

IR

n

IR

Invasive breast cancer

70

2.66

40

1.50

0.56 (0.38, 0.83)

ER positive

55

2.09

25

0.94

0.45 (0.28, 0.72)

ER negative

9

0.34

13

0.49

1.44 (0.61, 3.36)

ER unknown

6

0.23

2

0.07

0.33 (0.07, 1.63)

Noninvasive § breast cancer

5

0.19

11

0.41

2.17 (0.75, 6.24)

Clinical vertebral fractures

97

3.70

64

2.40

0.65 (0.47, 0.89)

Death

595

22.45

554

20.68

0.92 (0.82, 1.03)

Death due to stroke

39

1.47

59

2.20

1.49 (1.00, 2.24)

Stroke

224

8.60

249

9.46

1.10 (0.92, 1.32)

Deep vein thrombosis

47

1.78

65

2.44

1.37 (0.94, 1.99)

Pulmonary embolism

24

0.91

36

1.35

1.49 (0.89, 2.49)

Endometrial and uterine cancer

17

0.83

21

1.01

1.21 (0.64 to 2.30)

Ovarian cancer #

10

0.41

17

0.70

1.69 (0.78, 3.70)

Hot flashes

241

9.09

397

14.82

1.68 (1.43, 1.97)

Peripheral edema

583

22.00

706

26.36

1.22 (1.09, 1.36)

Cholelithiasis Þ

131

6.20

168

7.83

1.26 (1.01, 1.59)

The effect of raloxifene hydrochloride in reducing the incidence of invasive breast cancer was consistent among women above or below age 65 or with a 5-year predicted invasive breast cancer risk, based on the modified Gail model, < 1.66%, or ≥ 1.66%.

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