Risperidone (Page 4 of 10)

6.1 Clinical Trials Experience

Because clinical trials are conducted under widely varying conditions, adverse reaction rates observed in the clinical trials of a drug cannot be directly compared to rates in the clinical trials of another drug and may not reflect the rates observed in clinical practice.

Commonly-Observed Adverse Reactions in Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials – Schizophrenia

Adult Patients with Schizophrenia

Table 8 lists the adverse reactions reported in 2% or more of risperidone-treated adult patients with schizophrenia in three 4- to 8-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials.

Table 8. Adverse Reactions in greater than or equal to 2% of Risperidone-Treated Adult Patients (and greater than placebo) with Schizophrenia in Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trials

System/Organ Class

Percentage of Patients Reporting Reaction

Risperidone

2 to 8 mg per day

greater than 8 to 16 mg per day

Placebo

Adverse Reaction

(N=366)

(N=198)

(N=225)

Cardiac Disorders

Tachycardia

1

3

0

Eye Disorders

Vision blurred

3

1

1

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Nausea

9

4

4

Constipation

8

9

6

Dyspepsia

8

6

5

Dry mouth

4

0

1

Abdominal discomfort

3

1

1

Salivary hypersecretion

2

1

less than 1

Diarrhea

2

1

1

General Disorders

Fatigue

3

1

0

Chest pain

2

2

1

Asthenia

2

1

less than 1

Infections and Infestations

Nasopharyngitis

3

4

3

Upper respiratory tract infection

2

3

1

Sinusitis

1

2

1

Urinary tract infection

1

3

0

Investigations

Blood creatine phosphokinase increased

1

2

less than 1

Heart rate increased

less than 1

2

0

Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue

Disorders

Back pain

4

1

1

Arthralgia

2

3

less than 1

Pain in extremity

2

1

1

Nervous System Disorders

Parkinsonism*

14

17

8

Akathisia*

10

10

3

Sedation

10

5

2

Dizziness

7

4

2

Dystonia*

3

4

2

Tremor*

2

3

1

Dizziness postural

2

0

0

Psychiatric Disorders

Insomnia

32

25

27

Anxiety

16

11

11

Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders

Nasal congestion

4

6

2

Dyspnea

1

2

0

Epistaxis

less than 1

2

0

Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders

Rash

1

4

1

Dry skin

1

3

0

Vascular Disorders

Orthostatic hypotension

2

1

0

* Parkinsonism includes extrapyramidal disorder, musculoskeletal stiffness, parkinsonism, cogwheel rigidity, akinesia, bradykinesia, hypokinesia, masked facies, muscle rigidity, and Parkinson’s disease. Akathisia includes akathisia and restlessness. Dystonia includes dystonia, muscle spasms, muscle contractions involuntary, muscle contracture, oculogyration, tongue paralysis. Tremor includes tremor and parkinsonian rest tremor.

Pediatric Patients with Schizophrenia

Table 9 lists the adverse reactions reported in 5% or more of risperidone-treated pediatric patients with schizophrenia in a 6-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Table 9. Adverse Reactions in greater than or equal to 5% of Risperidone-Treated Pediatric Patients (and greater than placebo) with Schizophrenia in a Double-Blind Trial

Percentage of Patients Reporting Reaction

Risperidone

System/Organ Class

1 to 3 mg per day

4 to 6 mg per day

Placebo

Adverse Reaction

(N=55)

(N=51)

(N=54)

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Salivary hypersecretion

0

10

2

Nervous System Disorders

Sedation

24

12

4

Parkinsonism*

16

28

11

Tremor

11

10

6

Akathisia*

9

10

4

Dizziness

7

14

2

Dystonia*

2

6

0

Psychiatric Disorders

Anxiety

7

6

0

* Parkinsonism includes extrapyramidal disorder, muscle rigidity, musculoskeletal stiffness, and hypokinesia. Akathisia includes akathisia and restlessness. Dystonia includes dystonia and oculogyration.

Commonly-Observed Adverse Reactions in Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials – Bipolar Mani

Adult Patients with Bipolar Mania

Table 10 lists the adverse reactions reported in 2% or more of risperidone-treated adult patients with bipolar mania in four 3-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled monotherapy trials.

Table 10. Adverse Reactions in greater than or equal to 2% of Risperidone-Treated Adult Patients (and greater than placebo) with Bipolar Mania in Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Monotherapy Trials

Percentage of Patients Reporting Reaction

System/Organ Class

Risperidone

Placebo

Adverse Reaction

1 to 6 mg per day

(N=424)

(N=448)

Eye Disorders

Vision blurred

2

1

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Nausea

5

2

Diarrhea

3

2

Salivary hypersecretion

3

1

Stomach discomfort

2

less than 1

General Disorders

Fatigue

2

1

Nervous System Disorders

Parkinsonism*

25

9

Sedation

11

4

Akathisia*

9

3

Tremor*

6

3

Dizziness

6

5

Dystonia*

5

1

Lethargy

2

1

* Parkinsonism includes extrapyramidal disorder, parkinsonism, musculoskeletal stiffness, hypokinesia, muscle rigidity, muscle tightness, bradykinesia, cogwheel rigidity. Akathisia includes akathisia and restlessness. Tremor includes tremor and parkinsonian rest tremor. Dystonia includes dystonia, muscle spasms, oculogyration, torticollis.

Table 11 lists the adverse reactions reported in 2% or more of risperidone-treated adult patients with bipolar mania in two 3-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled adjuvant therapy trials.

Table 11. Adverse Reactions in greater than or equal to 2% of Risperidone-Treated Adult Patients (and greater than placebo) with Bipolar Mania in Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Adjunctive Therapy Trials

Percentage of Patients Reporting Reaction

Risperidone + Mood Stabilizer

Placebo +

System/Organ Class

Mood Stabilizer

Adverse Reaction

(N=127)

(N=126)

Cardiac Disorders

Palpitations

2

0

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Dyspepsia

9

8

Nausea

6

4

Diarrhea

6

4

Salivary hypersecretion

2

0

General Disorders

Chest pain

2

1

Infections and Infestations

Urinary tract infection

2

1

Nervous System Disorders

Parkinsonism*

14

4

Sedation

9

4

Akathisia*

8

0

Dizziness

7

2

Tremor

6

2

Lethargy

2

1

Psychiatric Disorders

Anxiety

3

2

Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal

Disorders

Pharyngolaryngeal pain

5

2

Cough

2

0

* Parkinsonism includes extrapyramidal disorder, hypokinesia and bradykinesia. Akathisia includes hyperkinesia and akathisia.

Pediatric Patients with Bipolar Mania

Table 12 lists the adverse reactions reported in 5% or more of risperidone-treated pediatric patients with bipolar mania in a 3-week double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.

Table 12. Adverse Reactions in greater than or equal to 5% of Risperidone-Treated Pediatric Patients (and greater than placebo) with Bipolar Mania in Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trials

Percentage of Patients Reporting Reaction

Risperidone

System/Organ Class

0.5 to 2.5 mg per

3 to 6 mg per

Placebo

Adverse Reaction

day

day

(N=50)

(N=61)

(N=58)

Eye Disorders

Vision blurred

4

7

0

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Abdominal pain upper

16

13

5

Nausea

16

13

7

Vomiting

10

10

5

Diarrhea

8

7

2

Dyspepsia

10

3

2

Stomach discomfort

6

0

2

General Disorders

Fatigue

18

30

3

Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders

Increased appetite

4

7

2

Nervous System Disorders

Sedation

42

56

19

Dizziness

16

13

5

Parkinsonism*

6

12

3

Dystonia*

6

5

0

Akathisia*

0

8

2

Psychiatric Disorders

Anxiety

0

8

3

Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders

Pharyngolaryngeal pain

10

3

5

Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders

Rash

0

7

2

* Parkinsonism includes musculoskeletal stiffness, extrapyramidal disorder, bradykinesia, and nuchal rigidity. Dystonia includes dystonia, laryngospasm, and muscle spasms. Akathisia includes restlessness and akathisia.

Commonly-Observed Adverse Reactions in Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trials — Autistic Disorder

Table 13 lists the adverse reactions reported in 5% or more of risperidone-treated pediatric patients treated for irritability associated with autistic disorder in two 8-week, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials and one 6-week double-blind, placebo-controlled study.

Table 13. Adverse Reactions in greater than or equal to 5% of Risperidone-Treated Pediatric Patients (and greater than placebo) Treated for Irritability Associated with Autistic Disorder in Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trials

Percentage of Patients Reporting Reaction

risperidone

System/Organ Class

0.5 to 4.0 mg/day

Placebo

Adverse Reaction

(N=107)

(N=115)

Gastrointestinal Disorders

Vomiting

20

17

Constipation

17

6

Dry mouth

10

4

Nausea

8

5

Salivary hypersecretion

7

1

General Disorders and Administration Site Conditions

Fatigue

31

9

Pyrexia

16

13

Thirst

7

4

Infections and Infestations

Nasopharyngitis

19

9

Rhinitis

9

7

Upper respiratory tract infection

8

3

Investigations

Weight increased

8

2

Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders

Increased appetite

44

15

Nervous System Disorders

Sedation

63

15

Drooling

12

4

Headache

12

10

Tremor

8

1

Dizziness

8

2

Parkinsonism*

8

1

Renal and Urinary Disorders

Enuresis

16

10

Respiratory, Thoracic and Mediastinal Disorders

Cough

17

12

Rhinorrhea

12

10

Nasal congestion

10

4

Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders

Rash

8

5

* Parkinsonism includes musculoskeletal stiffness, extrapyramidal disorder, muscle rigidity, cogwheel rigidity, and muscle tightness.

Other Adverse Reactions Observed During the Clinical Trial Evaluation of Risperidone

The following additional adverse reactions occurred across all placebo-controlled, active-controlled, and open-label studies of risperidone in adults and pediatric patients.

Blood and Lymphatic System Disorders: anemia, granulocytopenia, neutropenia

Cardiac Disorders: sinus bradycardia, sinus tachycardia, atrioventricular block first degree, bundle branch block left, bundle branch block right, atrioventricular block

Ear and Labyrinth Disorders: ear pain, tinnitus

Endocrine Disorders: hyperprolactinemia

Eye Disorders: ocular hyperemia, eye discharge, conjunctivitis, eye rolling, eyelid edema, eye swelling, eyelid margin crusting, dry eye, lacrimation increased, photophobia, glaucoma, visual acuity reduced

Gastrointestinal Disorders: dysphagia, fecaloma, fecal incontinence, gastritis, lip swelling, cheilitis, aptyalism

General Disorders: edema peripheral, thirst, gait disturbance, influenza-like illness, pitting edema, edema, chills, sluggishness, malaise, chest discomfort, face edema, discomfort, generalized edema, drug withdrawal syndrome, peripheral coldness, feeling abnormal

Immune System Disorders: drug hypersensitivity

Infections and Infestations: pneumonia, influenza, ear infection, viral infection, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, bronchitis, eye infection, localized infection, cystitis, cellulitis, otitis media, onychomycosis, acarodermatitis, bronchopneumonia, respiratory tract infection, tracheobronchitis, otitis media chronic

Investigations: body temperature increased, blood prolactin increased, alanine aminotransferase increased, electrocardiogram abnormal, eosinophil count increased, white blood cell count decreased, blood glucose increased, hemoglobin decreased, hematocrit decreased, body temperature decreased, blood pressure decreased, transaminases increased

Metabolism and Nutrition Disorders: decreased appetite, polydipsia, anorexia

Musculoskeletal and Connective Tissue Disorders: joint stiffness, joint swelling, musculoskeletal chest pain, posture abnormal, myalgia, neck pain, muscular weakness, rhabdomyolysis

Nervous System Disorders: balance disorder, disturbance in attention, dysarthria, unresponsive to stimuli, depressed level of consciousness, movement disorder, transient ischemic attack, coordination abnormal, cerebrovascular accident, speech disorder, syncope, loss of consciousness, hypoesthesia, tardive dyskinesia, dyskinesia, cerebral ischemia, cerebrovascular disorder, neuroleptic malignant syndrome, diabetic coma, head titubation

Psychiatric Disorders: agitation, blunted affect, confusional state, middle insomnia, nervousness, sleep disorder, listlessness, libido decreased, and anorgasmia

Renal and Urinary Disorders: enuresis, dysuria, pollakiuria, urinary incontinence

Reproductive System and Breast Disorders: menstruation irregular, amenorrhea, gynecomastia, galactorrhea, vaginal discharge, menstrual disorder, erectile dysfunction, retrograde ejaculation, ejaculation disorder, sexual dysfunction, breast enlargement

Respiratory, Thoracic, and Mediastinal Disorders: wheezing, pneumonia aspiration, sinus congestion, dysphonia, productive cough, pulmonary congestion, respiratory tract congestion, rales, respiratory disorder, hyperventilation, nasal edema

Skin and Subcutaneous Tissue Disorders: erythema, skin discoloration, skin lesion, pruritus, skin disorder, rash erythematous, rash papular, rash generalized, rash maculopapular, acne, hyperkeratosis, seborrheic dermatitis

Vascular Disorders: hypotension, flushing

Discontinuations Due to Adverse Reactions

Schizophrenia — Adults

Approximately 7% (39/564) of risperidone-treated patients in double-blind, placebo-controlled trials discontinued treatment due to an adverse reaction, compared with 4% (10/225) who were receiving placebo. The adverse reactions associated with discontinuation in 2 or more risperidone-treated patients were:

Table 14. Adverse Reactions Associated With Discontinuation in 2 or More Risperidone-Treated Adult Patients in Schizophrenia Trials

Risperidone

2 to 8 mg/day

Greater than 8 to 16 mg/day

Placebo

Adverse Reaction

(N=366)

(N=198)

(N=225)

Dizziness

1.4%

1.0%

0%

Nausea

1.4%

0%

0%

Vomiting

0.8%

0%

0%

Parkinsonism

0.8%

0%

0%

Somnolence

0.8%

0%

0%

Dystonia

0.5%

0%

0%

Agitation

0.5%

0%

0%

Abdominal pain

0.5%

0%

0%

Orthostatic hypotension

0.3%

0.5%

0%

Akathisia

0.3%

2.0%

0%

Discontinuation for extrapyramidal symptoms (including Parkinsonism, akathisia, dystonia, and tardive dyskinesia) was 1% in placebo-treated patients, and 3.4% in active control-treated patients in a double-blind, placebo- and active-controlled trial.

Schizophrenia — Pediatrics

Approximately 7% (7/106), of risperidone-treated patients discontinued treatment due to an adverse reaction in a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial, compared with 4% (2/54) placebo-treated patients. The adverse reactions associated with discontinuation for at least one risperidone-treated patient were dizziness (2%), somnolence (1%), sedation (1%), lethargy (1%), anxiety (1%), balance disorder (1%), hypotension (1%), and palpitation (1%).

Bipolar Mania — Adults

In double-blind, placebo-controlled trials with risperidone as monotherapy, approximately 6% (25/448) of risperidone-treated patients discontinued treatment due to an adverse event, compared with approximately 5% (19/424) of placebo-treated patients. The adverse reactions associated with discontinuation in risperidone-treated patients were:

Table 15. Adverse Reactions Associated With Discontinuation in 2 or more Risperidone-Treated Adult Patients in Bipolar Mania Clinical Trials

Risperidone

1 to 6 mg/day

Placebo

Adverse Reaction

(N=448)

(N=424)

Parkinsonism

0.4%

0%

Lethargy

0.2%

0%

Dizziness

0.2%

0%

Alanine aminotransferase increased

0.2%

0.2%

Aspartate aminotransferase increased

0.2%

0.2%

Bipolar Mania — Pediatrics

In a double-blind, placebo-controlled trial 12% (13/111) of risperidone-treated patients discontinued due to an adverse reaction, compared with 7% (4/58) of placebo-treated patients. The adverse reactions associated with discontinuation in more than one risperidone-treated pediatric patient were nausea (3%), somnolence (2%), sedation (2%), and vomiting (2%).

Autistic Disorder — Pediatrics

In the two 8-week, placebo-controlled trials in pediatric patients treated for irritability associated with autistic disorder (n=156), one risperidone-treated patient discontinued due to an adverse reaction (Parkinsonism), and one placebo-treated patient discontinued due to an adverse event.

Dose Dependency of Adverse Reactions in Clinical Trials

Extrapyramidal Symptoms

Data from two fixed-dose trials in adults with schizophrenia provided evidence of dose-relatedness for extrapyramidal symptoms associated with risperidone treatment.

Two methods were used to measure extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) in an 8-week trial comparing 4 fixed doses of risperidone (2, 6, 10, and 16 mg/day), including (1) a Parkinsonism score (mean change from baseline) from the Extrapyramidal Symptom Rating Scale, and (2) incidence of spontaneous complaints of EPS:

Table 16.

Dose Groups

Placebo

Risperidone Tablets 2 mg

Risperidone Tablets 6 mg

Risperidone Tablets 10 mg

Risperidone Tablets 16 mg

Parkinsonism

1.2

0.9

1.8

2.4

2.6

EPS Incidence

13%

17%

21%

21%

35%

Similar methods were used to measure extrapyramidal symptoms (EPS) in an 8-week trial comparing 5 fixed doses of risperidone (1, 4, 8, 12, and 16 mg/day):

Table 17.

Dose Groups

Risperidone Tablets 1 mg

Risperidone Tablets 4 mg

Risperidone Tablets 8 mg

Risperidone Tablets 12 mg

Risperidone Tablets 16 mg

Parkinsonism

0.6

1.7

2.4

2.9

4.1

EPS Incidence

7%

12%

17%

18%

20%

Dystonia

Class Effect: Symptoms of dystonia, prolonged abnormal contractions of muscle groups, may occur in susceptible individuals during the first few days of treatment. Dystonic symptoms include: spasm of the neck muscles, sometimes progressing to tightness of the throat, swallowing difficulty, difficulty breathing, and/or protrusion of the tongue. While these symptoms can occur at low doses, they occur more frequently and with greater severity with high potency and at higher doses of first generation antipsychotic drugs. An elevated risk of acute dystonia is observed in males and younger age groups.

Other Adverse Reactions

Adverse event data elicited by a checklist for side effects from a large study comparing 5 fixed doses of risperidone (1, 4, 8, 12, and 16 mg/day) were explored for dose-relatedness of adverse events. A Cochran-Armitage Test for trend in these data revealed a positive trend (p less than 0.05) for the following adverse reactions: somnolence, vision abnormal, dizziness, palpitations, weight increase, erectile dysfunction, ejaculation disorder, sexual function abnormal, fatigue, and skin discoloration.

Changes in Body Weight

Weight gain was observed in short-term, controlled trials and longer-term uncontrolled studies in adult and pediatric patients [see Warnings and Precautions (5.5), Adverse Reactions (6), and Use in Specific Populations (8.4)].

Changes in ECG Parameters

Between-group comparisons for pooled placebo-controlled trials in adults revealed no statistically significant differences between risperidone and placebo in mean changes from baseline in ECG parameters, including QT, QTc, and PR intervals, and heart rate. When all risperidone doses were pooled from randomized controlled trials in several indications, there was a mean increase in heart rate of 1 beat per minute compared to no change for placebo patients. In short-term schizophrenia trials, higher doses of risperidone (8 to 16 mg/day) were associated with a higher mean increase in heart rate compared to placebo (4 to 6 beats per minute). In pooled placebo-controlled acute mania trials in adults, there were small decreases in mean heart rate, similar among all treatment groups.

In the two placebo-controlled trials in children and adolescents with autistic disorder (aged 5 to 16 years) mean changes in heart rate were an increase of 8.4 beats per minute in the risperidone groups and 6.5 beats per minute in the placebo group. There were no other notable ECG changes.

In a placebo-controlled acute mania trial in children and adolescents (aged 10 to 17 years), there were no significant changes in ECG parameters, other than the effect of risperidone to transiently increase pulse rate (less than 6 beats per minute). In two controlled schizophrenia trials in adolescents (aged 13 to 17 years), there were no clinically meaningful changes in ECG parameters including corrected QT intervals between treatment groups or within treatment groups over time.

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