Tolterodine Tartrate

TOLTERODINE TARTRATE- tolterodine tartrate tablet
Unichem Pharmaceuticals (USA), Inc.

DESCRIPTION

Tolterodine tartrate tablets contain tolterodine tartrate USP. The active moiety, tolterodine, is a muscarinic receptor antagonist. The chemical name of tolterodine tartrate is (R)-2-[3-[bis(1-methylethyl)-amino]1-phenylpropyl]-4-methylphenol [R-(R*,R*)]-2,3dihydroxybutanedioate (1:1) (salt). The empirical formula of tolterodine tartrate is C26 H37 NO7 , and its molecular weight is 475.6. The structural formula of tolterodine tartrate is represented below:

Structure
(click image for full-size original)

Tolterodine tartrate is a white, crystalline powder. The pKa value is 9.87 and the solubility in water is 14.7657 mg/mL. It is sparingly soluble in water, slightly soluble in anhydrous ethanol, practically insoluble in heptane. The partition coefficient (Log D) between n-octanol and water is 1.83 at pH 7.3.

Tolterodine tartrate tablets for oral administration contain 1 or 2 mg of tolterodine tartrate. The inactive ingredients are microcrystalline cellulose, dibasic calcium phosphate dihydrate, sodium starch glycolate type B (pH 3.0 to 5.0), colloidal silicon dioxide, magnesium stearate, hypromellose, stearic acid, and titanium dioxide.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Tolterodine is a competitive muscarinic receptor antagonist. Both urinary bladder contraction and salivation are mediated via cholinergic muscarinic receptors.

After oral administration, tolterodine is metabolized in the liver, resulting in the formation of the 5-hydroxymethyl derivative, a major pharmacologically active metabolite. The 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite, which exhibits an antimuscarinic activity similar to that of tolterodine, contributes significantly to the therapeutic effect. Both tolterodine and the 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite exhibit a high specificity for muscarinic receptors, since both show negligible activity or affinity for other neurotransmitter receptors and other potential cellular targets, such as calcium channels.

Tolterodine has a pronounced effect on bladder function. Effects on urodynamic parameters before and 1 and 5 hours after a single 6.4 mg dose of tolterodine immediate release were determined in healthy volunteers. The main effects of tolterodine at 1 and 5 hours were an increase in residual urine, reflecting an incomplete emptying of the bladder, and a decrease in detrusor pressure. These findings are consistent with an antimuscarinic action on the lower urinary tract.

Pharmacokinetics

Absorption: In a study with 14 C-tolterodine solution in healthy volunteers who received a 5 mg oral dose, at least 77% of the radiolabeled dose was absorbed. Tolterodine immediate release is rapidly absorbed, and maximum serum concentrations (Cmax ) typically occur within 1 to 2 hours after dose administration. Cmax and area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) determined after dosage of tolterodine immediate release are dose-proportional over the range of 1 to 4 mg.

Effect of Food: Food intake increases the bioavailability of tolterodine (average increase 53%), but does not affect the levels of the 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite in extensive metabolizers. This change is not expected to be a safety concern and adjustment of dose is not needed.

Distribution: Tolterodine is highly bound to plasma proteins, primarily α1 -acid glycoprotein. Unbound concentrations of tolterodine average 3.7% ± 0.13% over the concentration range achieved in clinical studies. The 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite is not extensively protein bound, with unbound fraction concentrations averaging 36% ± 4.0%. The blood to serum ratio of tolterodine and the 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite averages 0.6 and 0.8, respectively, indicating that these compounds do not distribute extensively into erythrocytes. The volume of distribution of tolterodine following administration of a 1.28 mg intravenous dose is 113 ± 26.7 L.

Metabolism: Tolterodine is extensively metabolized by the liver following oral dosing. The primary metabolic route involves the oxidation of the 5-methyl group and is mediated by the cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) and leads to the formation of a pharmacologically active 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite. Further metabolism leads to formation of the 5-carboxylic acid and N -dealkylated 5-carboxylic acid metabolites, which account for 51% ± 14% and 29% ± 6.3% of the metabolites recovered in the urine, respectively.

Variability in Metabolism: A subset (about 7%) of the population is devoid of CYP2D6, the enzyme responsible for the formation of the 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite of tolterodine. The identified pathway of metabolism for these individuals (“poor metabolizers”) is dealkylation via cytochrome P450 3A4 (CYP3A4) to N -dealkylated tolterodine. The remainder of the population is referred to as “extensive metabolizers.” Pharmacokinetic studies revealed that tolterodine is metabolized at a slower rate in poor metabolizers than in extensive metabolizers; this results in significantly higher serum concentrations of tolterodine and in negligible concentrations of the 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite.

Excretion: Following administration of a 5 mg oral dose of 14 C-tolterodine solution to healthy volunteers, 77% of radioactivity was recovered in urine and 17% was recovered in feces in 7 days. Less than 1% (<2.5% in poor metabolizers) of the dose was recovered as intact tolterodine, and 5% to 14% (<1% in poor metabolizers) was recovered as the active 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite.

A summary of mean (± standard deviation) pharmacokinetic parameters of tolterodine immediate release and the 5-hydroxymethyl metabolite in extensive (EM) and poor (PM) metabolizers is provided in Table 1. These data were obtained following single and multiple doses of tolterodine 4 mg administered twice daily to 16 healthy male volunteers (8 EM, 8 PM).

Table 1. Summary of Mean (±SD) Pharmacokinetic Parameters of Tolterodine and its Active Metabolite (5-hydroxymethyl metabolite) in Healthy Volunteers

* Parameter was dose-normalized from 4 mg to 2 mg.

= not applicable

Cmax = Maximum plasma concentration; tm a x = Time of occurrence of Cm a x ;

Ca v g = Average plasma concentration; t1 / 2 = Terminal elimination half-life; CL/F = Apparent oral clearance.

EM = Extensive metabolizers;

PM = Poor metabolizers

Tolterodine 5 Hydroxymethyl Metabolite
Phenotype tm a x Cm a x * Ca v g * t1 / 2 CL / F tm a x Cm a x * Ca v g * t1 / 2
( CYP2D6 ) ( h ) ( μg / L ) ( μg / L ) ( h ) ( L / h ) ( h ) ( μg / L ) ( μg / L ) ( h )
Single-dose
EM 1.6±1.5 1.6±1.2 0.50±0.35 2.0±0.7 534±697 1.8±1.4 1.8±0.7 0.62±0.26 3.1± 0.7
PM 1.4±0.5 10±4.9 8.3±4.3 6.5±1.6 17±7.3
Multiple-dose
EM 1.2±0.5 2.6±2.8 0.58±0.54 2.2±0.4 415±377 1.2±0.5 2.4±1.3 0.92±0.46 2.9± 0.4
PM 1.9±1.0 19±7.5 12±5.1 9.6±1.5 11±4.2

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