Triamterene and Hydrochlorothiazide

TRIAMTERENE AND HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE- triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide capsule
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DESCRIPTION

Triamterene, USP is an antikaliuretic agent and hydrochlorothiazide, USP is a diuretic/antihypertensive agent.

At 50°C, triamterene, USP is practically insoluble in water (less than 0.1%). It is soluble in formic acid, sparingly soluble in methoxyethanol, and very slightly soluble in alcohol.

Triamterene, USP is 2,4,7-triamino-6-phenylpteridine with a chemical formula of C12 H11 N7 and a molecular weight of 253.27. The structural formula for triamterene is:

Triamterene_Chemical_Structure

TRIAMTERENE

Hydrochlorothiazide, USP is slightly soluble in water. It is soluble in dilute ammonia, dilute aqueous sodium hydroxide, and dimethylformamide. It is sparingly soluble in methanol.

Hydrochlorothiazide, USP is 6-chloro-3,4-dihydro-2H-1,2, 4-benzothiadiazine-7-sulfonamide 1,1-dioxide with a chemical formula of C7 H8 ClN3 O4 S2 and a molecular weight of 297.75. The structural formula for hydrochlorothiazide is:

HCTZ_Chemical_Structure

HYDROCHLOROTHIAZIDE

Each capsule, for oral administration, contains 37.5 mg triamterene, USP and 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide, USP.

The 37.5 mg triamterene, USP and 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide, USP capsule inactive ingredients include: citric acid, corn starch, glycine, anhydrous lactose, magnesium stearate, Polysorbate 80, povidone, and sodium starch glycolate. The capsule shells and imprinting inks contain: D & C Yellow #10 Aluminum Lake, FD & C Blue #1 Aluminum Lake, FD & C Blue #2 Aluminum Lake, FD & C Red #40 Aluminum Lake, gelatin, pharmaceutical glaze, propylene glycol, synthetic black iron oxide, and titanium dioxide.

The 37.5 mg triamterene, USP and 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide, USP capsules meets USP Dissolution Test 3.

CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

Triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide is a diuretic/antihypertensive drug product that combines natriuretic and antikaliuretic effects. Each component complements the action of the other. The hydrochlorothiazide component blocks the reabsorption of sodium and chloride ions, and thereby increases the quantity of sodium traversing the distal tubule and the volume of water excreted. A portion of the additional sodium presented to the distal tubule is exchanged there for potassium and hydrogen ions. With continued use of hydrochlorothiazide and depletion of sodium, compensatory mechanisms tend to increase this exchange and may produce excessive loss of potassium, hydrogen, and chloride ions. Hydrochlorothiazide also decreases the excretion of calcium and uric acid, may increase the excretion of iodide, and may reduce glomerular filtration rate. The exact mechanism of the antihypertensive effect of hydrochlorothiazide is not known.

The triamterene component of triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide capsule exerts its diuretic effect on the distal renal tubule to inhibit the reabsorption of sodium in exchange for potassium and hydrogen ions. Its natriuretic activity is limited by the amount of sodium reaching its site of action. Although it blocks the increase in this exchange that is stimulated by mineralocorticoids (chiefly aldosterone), it is not a competitive antagonist of aldosterone and its activity can be demonstrated in adrenalectomized rats and patients with Addison’s disease. As a result, the dose of triamterene required is not proportionally related to the level of mineralocorticoid activity but is dictated by the response of the individual patients and the kaliuretic effect of concomitantly administered drugs. By inhibiting the distal tubular exchange mechanism, triamterene maintains or increases the sodium excretion and reduces the excess loss of potassium, hydrogen, and chloride ions induced by hydrochlorothiazide. As with hydrochlorothiazide, triamterene may reduce glomerular filtration and renal plasma flow. Via this mechanism, it may reduce uric acid excretion although it has no tubular effect on uric acid reabsorption or secretion. Triamterene does not affect calcium excretion. No predictable antihypertensive effect has been demonstrated for triamterene.

Duration of diuretic activity and effective dosage range of the hydrochlorothiazide and triamterene components are similar. Onset of diuresis with triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide takes place within one hour, peaks at two to three hours, and tapers off during the subsequent seven to nine hours.

Triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide capsules are well absorbed.

Upon administration of a single oral dose to fasted normal male volunteers, mean pharmacokinetic parameters were determined (Table 1).

Table 1. Mean Pharmacokinetic Parameters after Single Oral Dose in Fasted Male Volunteers *
*
AUC(0-48) , Cmax , Tmax , and Ae represent area under the plasma concentration versus time plot, maximum plasma concentration, time to reach Cmax , and amount excreted in urine over 48 hours.

AUC (0-48)

ng*h/mL

(± SD)

Cmax

ng/mL

(± SD)

Median

Tmax

h

Ae

Mg

(± SD)

Triamterene

148.7 (87.9)

46.4 (29.4)

1.1

2.7 (1.4)

Hydroxytriamterene

sulfate

1,865 (471)

720 (364)

1.3

19.7 (6.1)

Hydrochlorothiazide

834 (177)

135.1 (35.7)

2.0

14.3 (3.8)

A capsule of triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide is bioequivalent to a single entity 25-mg hydrochlorothiazide tablet and 37.5-mg triamterene capsule used in the double-blind clinical trial below (see CLINICAL TRIALS).

In a limited study involving 12 subjects, coadministration of triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide capsule with a high-fat meal resulted in: (1) an increase in the mean bioavailability of triamterene by about 67% (90% confidence interval = 0.99, 1.90), p-hydroxytriamterene sulfate by about 50% (90% confidence interval = 1.06, 1.77), hydrochlorothiazide by about 17% (90% confidence interval = 0.90, 1.34); (2) increases in the peak concentrations of triamterene and p-hydroxytriamterene; and (3) a delay of up to 2 hours in the absorption of the active constituents.

CLINICAL TRIALS

A placebo-controlled, double-blind trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide capsules. This trial demonstrated that triamterene and hydrochlorothiazide capsules (25 mg hydrochlorothiazide/37.5 mg triamterene) was effective in controlling blood pressure while reducing the incidence of hydrochlorothiazide-induced hypokalemia. This trial involved 636 patients with mild to moderate hypertension controlled by hydrochlorothiazide 25 mg daily and who had hypokalemia (serum potassium <3.5 mEq/L) secondary to the hydrochlorothiazide. Patients were randomly assigned to 4 weeks’ treatment with once-daily regimens of 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide plus placebo, or 25 mg hydrochlorothiazide combined with one of the following doses of triamterene: 25 mg, 37.5 mg, 50 mg, or 75 mg.

Blood pressure and serum potassium were monitored at baseline and throughout the trial. All five treatment groups had similar mean blood pressure and serum potassium concentrations at baseline (mean systolic blood pressure range: 137 ± 14 mmHg to 140 ± 16 mmHg; mean diastolic blood pressure range: 86 ± 9 mmHg to 88 ± 8 mmHg; mean serum potassium range: 2.3 to 3.4 mEq/L with the majority of patients having values between 3.1 and 3.4 mEq/L).

While all triamterene regimens reversed hypokalemia, at Week 4 the 37.5-mg regimen proved optimal compared with the other tested regimens. On this regimen, 81% of the patients had a significant (P <0.05) reversal of hypokalemia vs. 59% of patients on the placebo/hydrochlorothiazide regimen. The mean serum potassium concentration on 37.5 mg triamterene went from 3.2 ± 0.2 mEq/L at baseline to 3.7 ± 0.3 mEq/L at Week 4, a significantly greater (P <0.05) improvement than that achieved with placebo/hydrochlorothiazide (i.e., 3.2 ± 0.2 mEq/L at baseline and 3.5 ± 0.4 mEq/L at Week 4). Also, 51% of patients in the 37.5-mg triamterene group had an increase in serum potassium of ≥0.5 mEq/L at Week 4 vs. 33% in the placebo group. The 37.5-mg triamterene/25-mg hydrochlorothiazide regimen also maintained control of blood pressure; mean supine systolic blood pressure at Week 4 was 138 ± 21 mmHg while mean supine diastolic blood pressure was 87 ± 13 mmHg.

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