Triazolam (Page 5 of 6)

10 OVERDOSAGE

Manifestations of overdosage with triazolam include somnolence, confusion, impaired coordination, slurred speech, and ultimately, coma. Respiratory depression and apnea have been reported with overdosages of triazolam. Seizures have been reported after overdosages.

Death has been reported in association with overdoses of triazolam. In addition, fatalities have been reported in patients who have overdosed with a combination of a single benzodiazepine, including triazolam, and alcohol; benzodiazepine and alcohol levels seen in some of these cases have been lower than those usually associated with reports of fatality with either substance alone.

Respiration, pulse, and blood pressure should be monitored and supported by general measures when necessary. Immediate gastric lavage should be performed. An adequate airway should be maintained. Intravenous fluids may be administered.

Flumazenil may be useful in situations when an overdose with a benzodiazepine is known or suspected. Prior to the administration of flumazenil, necessary measures should be instituted to secure airway, ventilation and intravenous access. Flumazenil is intended as an adjunct to, not as a substitute for, proper management of benzodiazepine overdose. Patients treated with flumazenil should be monitored for resedation, respiratory depression, and other residual benzodiazepine effects for an appropriate period after treatment. The prescriber should be aware of a risk of seizure in association with flumazenil treatment, particularly in long-term benzodiazepine users and in cyclic antidepressant overdose. The complete flumazenil package insert including Contraindications and Warnings and Precautions should be consulted prior to use.

Hemodialysis and forced diuresis are probably of little value. As with the management of intentional overdosage with any drug, the physician should bear in mind that multiple agents may have been ingested by the patient.

In case of an overdosage, consult a Certified Poison Control Center at 1-800-222-1222 for latest recommendations.

11 DESCRIPTION

Triazolam Tablets, USP contains triazolam, a triazolobenzodiazepine.

Triazolam, USP is a white crystalline powder, soluble in alcohol and poorly soluble in water. It has a molecular weight of 343.21.

The chemical name for triazolam is 8-chloro-6-(o-chlorophenyl)-1-methyl-4H-s-triazolo-[4,3-α] [1,4] benzodiazepine.

The structural formula is represented below:

structure

Each triazolam tablet, for oral administration, contains 0.125 mg or 0.25 mg of Triazolam, USP.

Inactive ingredients: 0.125 mg- lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose, pregelatinized starch, sodium starch glycolate, docusate sodium with sodium benzoate, colloidal silicon dioxide and magnesium stearate; 0.25 mg — lactose monohydrate, microcrystalline cellulose, pregelatinized starch, sodium starch glycolate, FD&C Blue No. 1, docusate sodium with sodium benzoate, colloidal silicon dioxide and magnesium stearate.

12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY

12.1 Mechanism of Action

Triazolam is a benzodiazepine. Triazolam exerts its effect for the short-term treatment of insomnia through binding to the benzodiazepine site of the gamma-aminobutyric acid-A (GABAA ) receptors in the brain and enhances GABA-mediated synaptic inhibition.

12.3 Pharmacokinetics

Absorption

Peak plasma levels of triazolam are reached within 2 hours following oral administration. Following recommended doses of triazolam tablets, triazolam peak plasma levels in the range of 1 to 6 ng/mL are seen. The plasma levels achieved are proportional to the dose given. In normal subjects treated for 7 days with four times the recommended dosage, there was no evidence of altered systemic bioavailability, rate of elimination, or accumulation.

Distribution

Extremely high concentrations of triazolam do not displace bilirubin bound to human serum albumin in vitro.

Elimination

Triazolam has a mean plasma elimination half-life in the range of 1.5 to 5.5 hours.

Metabolism

The initial step in triazolam metabolism is cytochrome P450 3A (CYP 3A)-mediated hydroxylation to form 1-hydroxytriazolam and 4-hydroxytriazolam, which are subsequently conjugated to form glucuronides.

Excretion

Triazolam and its metabolites, principally as conjugated glucuronides which are presumably inactive, are excreted primarily in the urine. Only small amounts of unmetabolized triazolam appear in the urine. The two primary metabolites accounted for 79.9% of urinary excretion. Urinary excretion appeared to be biphasic in its time course.

Specific Populations

Geriatric Patients

In a study of elderly (62 to 83 years old) versus younger subjects (21 to 41 years old) who received triazolam at the same dose levels (0.125 mg and 0.25 mg), the elderly experienced both greater sedation and impairment of psychomotor performance. These effects resulted largely from higher plasma concentrations of triazolam in the elderly.

Drug Interaction Studies

The effect of other drugs on triazolam:

Macrolide Antibiotics

Coadministration of erythromycin increased the maximum plasma concentration of triazolam by 46%, decreased clearance by 53%, and increased half-life by 35%.

Cimetidine

Coadministration of cimetidine increased the maximum plasma concentration of triazolam by 51%, decreased clearance by 55%, and increased half-life by 68%.

Isoniazid

Coadministration of isoniazid increased the maximum plasma concentration of triazolam by 20%, decreased clearance by 42%, and increased half-life by 31%.

Oral Contraceptives

Coadministration of oral contraceptives increased maximum plasma concentration by 6%, decreased clearance by 32%, and increased half-life by 16%.

Grapefruit Juice

Coadministration of grapefruit juice increased the maximum plasma concentration of triazolam by 25%, increased the area under the concentration curve by 48%, and increased half-life by 18%.

Ranitidine

Coadministration of ranitidine increased the maximum plasma concentration of triazolam by 30%, increased the area under the concentration curve by 27%, and increased half-life by 3.3%. Caution is recommended during coadministration with triazolam. Available data from clinical studies of benzodiazepines other than triazolam suggest a possible drug interaction with triazolam for the following: fluvoxamine, diltiazem, and verapamil. Data from in vitro studies of triazolam suggest a possible drug interaction with triazolam for the following: sertraline and paroxetine. Data from in vitro studies of benzodiazepines other than triazolam suggest a possible drug interaction with triazolam for the following: ergotamine, cyclosporine, amiodarone, nicardipine, and nifedipine.

The effect of triazolam on other drugs:

Warfarin

Triazolam tablets 0.5 mg, in two separate studies, did not affect the prothrombin times or plasma warfarin levels in male volunteers administered sodium warfarin orally.

13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY

13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility

Carcinogenesis

No evidence of carcinogenic potential was observed in rats or mice administered triazolam in the diet for 24-months at doses greater than or equal to 900 times the MRHD of 0.5 mg, based on mg/m2 body surface area.

Mutagenesis

Triazolam was not mutagenic in the in vitro Ames bacterial reverse mutation assay, and no DNA damage was observed in an in vitro alkaline elution assay in Chinese hamster lung fibroblast cells.

Impairment of Fertility

Female rats were administered triazolam in the diet for 14 days before cohabitation, during gestation, and until 21 days post parturition, and male rats for 60 days before cohabitation. No effects on mating or fertility were observed in rats up to 5 mg/kg/day which is approximately 100 times the MRHD of 0.5 mg/day, based on mg/m2 body surface area.

16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING

Triazolam Tablets, USP

0.25 mg tablets are supplied as a blue colored, elliptical shaped tablets with “ING646” debossed on one side and scored on other side:

NDC: 71335-1876-1: 10 TABLETs in a BOTTLE, PLASTIC

NDC: 71335-1876-2: 30 TABLETs in a BOTTLE, PLASTIC

NDC: 71335-1876-3: 60 TABLETs in a BOTTLE, PLASTIC

NDC: 71335-1876-4: 40 TABLETs in a BOTTLE, PLASTIC

NDC: 71335-1876-5: 90 TABLETs in a BOTTLE, PLASTIC

NDC: 71335-1876-6: 6 TABLETs in a BOTTLE, PLASTIC

NDC: 71335-1876-7: 1 TABLETs in a BOTTLE, PLASTIC

NDC: 71335-1876-8: 2 TABLETs in a BOTTLE, PLASTIC

NDC: 71335-1876-9: 28 TABLETs in a BOTTLE, PLASTIC

NDC: 71335-1876-0: 3 TABLETs in a BOTTLE, PLASTIC

Store at controlled room temperature 20° to 25°C (68° to 77°F) [see USP Controlled Room Temperature].

Repackaged/Relabeled by:

Bryant Ranch Prepack, Inc.

Burbank, CA 91504

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