VASOPRESSIN (Page 2 of 3)
10 OVERDOSAGE
Overdosage with Vasopressin Injection can be expected to manifest as consequences of vasoconstriction of various vascular beds (peripheral, mesenteric, and coronary) and as hyponatremia. In addition, overdosage may lead less commonly to ventricular tachyarrhythmias (including Torsade de Pointes), rhabdomyolysis, and non-specific gastrointestinal symptoms.
Direct effects will resolve within minutes of withdrawal of treatment.
11 DESCRIPTION
Vasopressin is a polypeptide hormone. Vasopressin Injection, USP is a sterile, aqueous solution of synthetic arginine vasopressin for intravenous administration.
The 1 mL solution contains vasopressin 20 units per mL, chlorobutanol, NF 0.5% as a preservative, and Water for Injection, USP adjusted with acetic acid to pH 3.4 – 3.6.
The chemical name of vasopressin is Cyclo (1-6) L-Cysteinyl-L-Tyrosyl-L-Phenylalanyl-L-Glutaminyl-L-Asparaginyl-L-Cysteinyl-L-Prolyl-L-Arginyl-L-Glycinamide. It is a white to off-white amorphous powder, freely soluble in water. The structural formula is:
Molecular Formula: C46 H65 N15 O12 S2 Molecular Weight: 1084.23
One mg is equivalent to 530 units.
12 CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY
12.1 Mechanism of Action
Vasopressin causes vasoconstriction by binding to V1 receptors on vascular smooth muscle coupled to the Gq/11-phospholipase C-phosphatidyl-inositol-triphosphate pathway, resulting in the release of intracellular calcium. In addition, vasopressin stimulates antidiuresis via stimulation of V2 receptors which are coupled to adenyl cyclase.
12.2 Pharmacodynamics
At therapeutic doses exogenous vasopressin elicits a vasoconstrictive effect in most vascular beds including the splanchnic, renal and cutaneous circulation. In addition, vasopressin at pressor doses triggers contractions of smooth muscles in the gastrointestinal tract mediated by muscular V1 -receptors and release of prolactin and ACTH via V3 receptors. At lower concentrations typical for the antidiuretic hormone vasopressin inhibits water diuresis via renal V2 receptors. In addition, vasopressin has been demonstrated to cause vasodilation in numerous vascular beds that are mediated by V2 , V3 , oxytocin and purinergic P2 receptors.
In patients with vasodilatory shock vasopressin in therapeutic doses increases systemic vascular resistance and mean arterial blood pressure and reduces the dose requirements for norepinephrine. Vasopressin tends to decrease heart rate and cardiac output. The pressor effect is proportional to the infusion rate of exogenous vasopressin. The pressor effect reaches its peak within 15 minutes. After stopping the infusion the pressor effect fades within 20 minutes. There is no evidence for tachyphylaxis or tolerance to the pressor effect of vasopressin in patients.
12.3 Pharmacokinetics
Vasopressin plasma concentrations increase linearly with increasing infusion rates from 10 to 200 μU/kg/min. Steady state plasma concentrations are achieved after 30 minutes of continuous intravenous infusion.
Distribution Vasopressin does not appear to bind plasma protein. The volume of distribution is 140 mL/kg.
Elimination
At infusion rates used in vasodilatory shock (0.01 to 0.1 units/minute), the clearance of vasopressin is 9 to 25 mL/min/kg in patients with vasodilatory shock. The apparent t1/2 of vasopressin at these levels is ≤10 minutes.
Metabolism
Serine protease, carboxipeptidase and disulfide oxido-reductase cleave vasopressin at sites relevant for the pharmacological activity of the hormone. Thus, the generated metabolites are not expected to retain important pharmacological activity.
Excretion
Vasopressin is predominantly metabolized and only about 6% of the dose is excreted unchanged into urine.
Specific Populations
Pregnancy: Because of a spillover into blood of placental vasopressinase the clearance of exogenous and endogenous vasopressin increases gradually over the course of a pregnancy. During the first trimester of pregnancy, the clearance is only slightly increased. However, by the third trimester the clearance of vasopressin is increased about 4-fold and at term up to 5-fold. After delivery the clearance of vasopressin returns to preconception baseline within two weeks.
Drug Interactions Indomethacin more than doubles the time to offset for vasopressin’s effect on peripheral vascular resistance and cardiac output in healthy subjects [see Drug Interactions (7.2)].
The ganglionic blocking agent tetra-ethylammonium increases the pressor effect of vasopressin by 20% in healthy subjects [see Drug Interactions (7.3)].
Halothane, morphine, fentanyl, alfentanyl and sufentanyl do not impact exposure to endogenous vasopressin.
13 NONCLINICAL TOXICOLOGY
13.1 Carcinogenesis, Mutagenesis, Impairment of Fertility
No formal carcinogenicity or fertility studies with vasopressin have been conducted in animals. Vasopressin was found to be negative in the in vitro bacterial mutagenicity (Ames) test and the in vitro Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cell chromosome aberration test. In mice, vasopressin has been reported to have an effect on function and fertilizing ability of spermatozoa.
13.2 Animal Toxicology and/or Pharmacology
No toxicology studies were conducted with vasopressin.
14 CLINICAL STUDIES
Increases in systolic and mean blood pressure following administration of vasopressin were observed in 7 studies in septic shock and 8 in post-cardiotomy vasodilatory shock.
16 HOW SUPPLIED/STORAGE AND HANDLING
Vasopressin Injection, USP is a clear, colorless to practically colorless solution for intravenous administration available as:
NDC 42367-570-87: A carton containing 25 x 1 mL multiple dose vials. Each vial contains vasopressin 1 mL at 20 units/mL.
Store between 2°C and 8°C (36°F and 46°F). Do not freeze.
Vials may be held up to 12 months upon removal from refrigeration to room temperature storage conditions (20°C to 25°C [68°F to 77°F], USP Controlled Room Temperature), anytime within the labeled shelf life. Once removed from refrigeration, unopened vial should be marked to indicate the revised 12 month expiration date. If the manufacturer’s original expiration date is shorter than the revised expiration date, then the shorter date must be used. Do not use Vasopressin Injection beyond the manufacturer’s expiration date stamped on the vial.
Discard vial after 48 hours after first puncture.
The storage conditions and expiration periods are summarized in the following table.
Unopened Refrigerated 2°C to 8°C (36°F to 46°F) | Unopened Room Temperature 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F) Do not store above 25°C (77°F) | Opened (After First Puncture) | |
1 mL Vial | Until manufacturer expiration date | 12 months or until manufacturer expiration date, whichever is earlier | 48 hours |
Marketed by: Eagle Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Woodcliff Lake, NJ 07677 | |||
Rev. 06/2021 |
PRINCIPAL DISPLAY PANEL — NDC: 42367-570-87 — Vial Carton
All MedLibrary.org resources are included in as near-original form as possible, meaning that the information from the original provider has been rendered here with only typographical or stylistic modifications and not with any substantive alterations of content, meaning or intent.